On the relationship between spatial suppression, speed of information processing, and psychometric intelligence

Troche, Stefan J.; Thomas, Philipp; Tadin, Duje; Rammsayer, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.12.002

Cited by 21 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Of note, there are previous reports of strong (Melnick, et al, 2013) (Troche, et al, 2018). One of the reasons for these divergent results might 526 be the fact that participants with higher intelligence were faster to detect motion direction for all 527 (large and small) stimuli (Troche, et al, 2018). This dependency of IQ on processing speed may 528 obscure the IQ-SSI correlation, which, when found (Melnick, et al, 2013, but see Troche, et al, 529 2018), showed that duration thresholds of motion direction discrimination for large and small 530 stimuli correlate with IQ in opposite directions.…”

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confidence: 92%

“…namely GSS? Of note, there are previous reports of strong (Melnick, et al, 2013) (Troche, et al, 2018). One of the reasons for these divergent results might 526 be the fact that participants with higher intelligence were faster to detect motion direction for all 527 (large and small) stimuli (Troche, et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 95%

“…To furthermore ensure temporal stability of the target measures, we 128 also estimated their test/re-test reliability by repeating the measurements on the adult 129 individuals in two sessions that were separated by at least five days. 130 131 132 Results 133 134 Psychophysics 135To estimate SS, we used a psychophysical task that has been previously applied in healthy 136 individuals (Arranz-Paraiso and Serrano-Pedraza, 2018;Betts, et al, 2012;Melnick, et al, 2013; 137 Tadin, et al, 2003;Troche, et al, 2018) as well as in those with neurological or psychiatric 138 disorders (Foss-Feig, et al, 2013; Golomb, et al, 2009;Sysoeva, et al, 2017;Tadin, et al, 2006). A 139 detailed description of the current version of the experimental procedure is given in the Materials 140 and Methods.…”

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Spatial suppression in visual motion perception is driven by inhibition: evidence from MEG gamma oscillations

Orekhova¹,

Ekaterina

Viktoria

et al. 2019

Preprint

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17Spatial suppression (SS) is a visual perceptual phenomenon that is manifest in a 18 reduction of directional sensitivity for drifting high-contrast gratings whose size exceeds 19 the center of the visual field. The role of neural excitation and inhibition in SS is still 20 debated. Putatively, the efficacy of inhibition in the visual cortex can be inferred from the 21 attenuation of MEG visual gamma responses with increasing velocity of large high-22contrast visual gratings. We have found that this neural measure predicted inter-23 individual differences in SS equally well in adult women and in school-age boys. The 24 neuro-behavioral correlations were robust: besides being unaffected by age and gender 25 of the participants, they were replicated in two measurement sessions separated by 26 several days or weeks. This study provides evidence that links the psychophysical 27 phenomenon of spatial suppression to inhibitory-based neural responses in the human 28 primary visual cortex. 29 30 Keywords: Magnetoencephalography (MEG), gamma oscillations, spatial suppression, surround 31 suppression, inhibition, IQ 32 33 34 65 (Born and Bradley, 2005). Tadin and colleagues have shown that TMS-induced periods of reduced 66 excitability in MT were associated with weakening of SS, and suggested that such disruptive TMS 67 is interfering with inhibitory processing within MT/V5, which, in turn, improves perception of 68 large moving stimuli (Tadin, et al., 2011). Contrasting this view, studies in monkeys demonstrate 69 that the strength of neuronal surround suppression in the MT is low and cannot explain the 70 3 reported high level of deterioration in behavioral performance (Liu, et al., 2016). Moreover, many 71MT neurons in monkeys did not exhibit surround suppression at all (Liu, et al., 2016). 72A recent human study combining behavioral psychophysics, functional MRI and magnetic 73 resonance spectroscopy (Schallmo, et al., 2018) further challenged the proposed role of 74 heightened inhibitory transmission within MT in SS. Although increasing the size of moving 75 gratings did suppress fMRI responses in MT, the suppression was much more subtle than, and 76 could thus be considered secondary to, that in the primary visual cortex (V1). Further, the authors 77 did not find the expected direct association between SS measured in a psychophysical task and 78 the concentration of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in either area MT or the early visual 79 cortex. In a similar vein, GABA concentration was unrelated to the fMRI response suppression 80 caused by increasing the size of drifting gratings. Therefore, Schallmo et al. came to the 81 conclusion that SS is not primarily driven by GABA-mediated inhibition. 82Given the complex dynamic nature of the excitatory-inhibitory interactions elicited by 83 large moving gratings that has been revealed in animal studies (Angelucci, et al., 2017; Angelucci 84 and Bressloff, 2006;Nurminen, et al., 2018), individual variations in the baseline 'bulk' GABA 85 concentration in visual a...

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Spatial suppression in visual motion perception is driven by inhibition: evidence from MEG gamma oscillations

Orekhova¹,

Ekaterina

Viktoria

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Spatial suppression for motion describes the reduction in apparent motion strength of a high contrast central stimulus when it is surrounded by a high contrast stimulus moving in the same direction Neri and Levi 2009) or the related phenomenon by which the sensitivity to discriminate the motion direction of a high contrast stimulus decreases as its size increases (Tadin et al 2003) . Recent evidence from studies in healthy individuals has suggested that spatial suppression for motion increases with intelligence quotient (IQ) (Arranz-Paraíso and Serrano-Pedraza 2018; Melnick et al 2013; but see Troche et al 2018) . Given that patients with schizophrenia usually have lower IQ than healthy participants (Van Haren et al 2019) , the reported weaker spatial suppression in patients with schizophrenia ) could be a result of the patients' lower IQ.…”

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confidence: 99%

Spatial suppression and sensitivity for motion in schizophrenia

Linares

Amoretti

Marin-Campos

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Perceptual spatial suppression is a phenomenon in which the perceived strength of a stimulus in some region of the space is reduced when the stimulus is surrounded by other stimuli. For contrast perception, several studies suggest that spatial suppression is reduced in patients with schizophrenia. For motion perception, only one study has been conducted in a cohort of 16 patients, suggesting that spatial suppression is reduced. It is unknown, however, whether this reduction is related to the lower intelligence quotient (IQ) that schizophrenic patients usually show; as there is evidence that spatial suppression for motion increases with IQ in healthy individuals. Here, we sought to determine the spatial suppression for motion in a larger cohort of 32 patients with schizophrenia and controlling the results for the IQ of patients. We found a weakened spatial suppression in patients with schizophrenia, consistent with the previous study (effect size g = 0.47 with CI = [0.055, 0.88], combining the previous and our study). For comparison, we performed a meta-analysis on spatial suppression for contrast (7 studies) and found a similar effect size, but with higher evidence (g = 0.56 with CI = [0.40, 0.72]). We found that patients had a lower IQ than controls, but this difference did not explain their weaker spatial suppression. Further, we found that spatial suppression of patients, but not controls increased with their IQ and decreased with age in both groups. Finally, as we estimated lapses of attention, we could estimate motion sensitivity and found that it was decreased in patients. We discuss how this reduced spatial suppression and sensitivity might be related to glutamatergic hypofunction in schizophrenia.

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“…Measures of processing speed include components of central processing or cognitive speed, as well as motor speed (Sternberg, 1969), and may also have working memory components (Kennedy, Clement, & Curtiss, 2003). Processing speed has been associated with general fluid intelligence (Deary, 2000;Jensen, 2006;Sheppard & Vernon, 2008;Troche, Thomas, Tadin, & Rammsayer, 2018) and executive functioning (Clark et al, 2014), which is also a strong predictor of academic success (Berg, 2008;Caemmerer, Maddocks, Keith, & Reynolds, 2018;Luo, Thompson, & Detterman, 2006). There is evidence that processing speed accounts for between 70% and 90% of the age-related variance in fluid intelligence quotients in children and adults (Grudnik & Kranzler, 2001;Kail & Salthouse, 1994).…”

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Temperament Predicts Processing Speed in Low Socioeconomic Status Rural Preschoolers

Hermida

Segretin

Shalóm

et al. 2019

Mind Brain and Education

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Extreme poverty all over the world is concentrated in rural settings. However, studies about cognition in low socioeconomic status (SES) children are for the most part conducted in urban populations. This paper investigates, in a poor rural sample, what are the individual and socioenvironmental variables that make the difference in performance in a processing speed task. Forty four 5‐year‐old children were evaluated with a processing speed task; individual and socioenvironmental information was obtained from parents' interviews. Higher scores in the effortful control dimension of temperament were associated with higher performance in the processing speed task. No other individual or socioenvironmental variable predicted the performance. These results showed that effortful control is important in processing speed and suggest that in low SES rural contexts, low effortful control children would require stronger interventions.

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On the relationship between spatial suppression, speed of information processing, and psychometric intelligence

Cited by 21 publications

References 41 publications

Spatial suppression in visual motion perception is driven by inhibition: evidence from MEG gamma oscillations

Spatial suppression in visual motion perception is driven by inhibition: evidence from MEG gamma oscillations

Spatial suppression and sensitivity for motion in schizophrenia

Temperament Predicts Processing Speed in Low Socioeconomic Status Rural Preschoolers

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