On the Relation Between the Variety of Micro-Organisms and the Composition of Stone in Calculous Pyelonephritis.

Brown, Thomas R.

doi:10.1001/jama.1901.52470200035001k

Cited by 41 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Modern crystallographic analysis (Griffith, 1978) has shown that human "infection" stones are a mixture of struvite, a crystalline substance com- carbonate-apatite (Ca,,(PO,),.CO,). Although the cause and effect relationship between urinary infections and stones has been established since the turn of the century (Horton-Smith, 1897; Brown, 1901) and although urease activity was suggested as the aetiological basis of infection stones over 50 years ago (Hagar and Magrath, 1925;Sumner, 1926), our knowledge of infection stones has advanced little since Hellstrom (1938) confirmed this generally recognised distinction between "aseptic stones" and "infection stones" by demonstrating bacteria within the interstices of infection calculi by light microscopy. The stoichiometry of the actual crystallisation process, however, has been well worked out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ecological Study of Infected Urinary Stone Genesis in an Animal Model

Nickel

Olson

McLean

et al. 1987

British Journal of Urology

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Direct molecular and morphological techniques of modern microbiology were used to monitor the sequential development of bacterial microcolonies and biofilms in a rat model of urinary infection and to demonstrate that the urease activity of the infecting organisms sets in course a series of reactions in which struvite and apatite crystals develop within the matrix of the enlarging bacterial aggregate. This forms multiple stone nidi on the uroepithelial surface upon which succeeding bacterial biofilms develop and with the incorporation of other urine components, such as urinary mucroproteins, establishes a matrix skeleton that becomes mineralised, thus allowing for the growth of the stone in concentric layers. To arrive at this hypothesis, we studied infection stone genesis using a newly developed model for infection-induced bladder stone formation in the rat. We examined in detail the sequential events in the evolving microbial ecology of progressive struvite calculogenesis, using conventional microbiological techniques, direct ultrastructural observation, newly developed ultrastructural cytochemical localisation techniques and immunological procedures for stabilisation of the biofilm glycocalix and stone matrix in the rat model. It was concluded that the organic glycocalix material secreted by the associated bacteria comprises a substantial and aetiologically important part of the infection stone calculogenesis and matrix production.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ecological Study of Infected Urinary Stone Genesis in an Animal Model

Nickel

Olson

McLean

et al. 1987

British Journal of Urology

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“…The carbon dioxide favors formation of carbonate ion, while the ammonia is converted to ammonium ion; the latter reaction produces hydroxide iron and increases local pH to greater than 7.2. This alkaline milieu drives phosphate toward its ionic form (PO 4 3-). The resulting combination of abundant magnesium, calcium, ammonium, and phosphate can only occur when urease is present, and these are the required elements for growth of struvite crystals (often called triple phosphate crystals).…”

Section: Pathogenesis Of Infection Stonesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By the early 1800s, Marcet made a connection between urinary tract infections, alkaline urine, and phosphate stones, and Ulex, a Swedish geologist, discovered magnesium ammonium phosphate in bat feces and named it struvite after his mentor von Struve, a Russian natural scientist [3]. In 1901, Brown hypothesized that alkaline urine could result from breakdown of urea in association with Proteus infection [4], and in 1925, Hager and Magath suggested that urea cleavage required bacterial urease activity [5]. One year later the enzyme urease was first isolated in its pure form from Canavalia ensiformis by J.B. Sumner, a feat for which he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946 [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infection-Related Kidney Stones

Krambeck

Lieske

2011

Clinic Rev Bone Miner Metab

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Infection and stones can be associated in two ways. Stone disease can occur due to infection by an organism that expresses the urea-splitting enzyme urease (infection stones). Nephrolithiasis can also be complicated by urinary tract infection that in turn was caused by obstruction of the urinary tract by a stone and/or colonization of a pre-existing stone, in both cases by non-urease producing organisms. Although the incidence of infection stones appears to have declined over recent years in the United States, they remain a cause of significant morbidity and mortality. A strong index of suspicion is necessary to identify infection stones before they become large, damage kidneys, or lead to acute morbidity such as urosepsis. Surgery remains the mainstay of therapy for infection stones, combined with careful attention to antibiotic choice based upon appropriate culture results. Use of medical therapy alone is reserved for those relatively unusual cases in which there is a strong contraindication to surgery. Infection-related stones also require prompt recognition, often via use of non-contrast CT. Any obstruction that is present needs to be promptly relieved in order to decompress the kidney and allow the infection to be cleared by antibiotics chosen based upon culture results.

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“…Combination of alkaline conditions and an increasing in ammonia, allows formation of struvite crystals (since struvite tends to precipitate in alkaline urine, and its solubility increases greatly when urine pH is 6.6 or less) [3]. This occurs when urea-splitting bacteria degrade the excess of urine protein during urinary tract infection [2,5]. Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Ureaplasma spp., Staphylococcus spp., and Proteus spp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Urolithiasis in a captive Siberian chipmunk (<i>Eutamias sibiricus</i>)

Kohutova¹,

Jekl

2021

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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This clinical case describes struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk. Physical examination revealed the presence of two ovoid palpable masses in the caudal part of the abdomen, which were later confirmed by radiography as urinary bladder stone. The animal underwent ventral midline laparotomy and uroliths were successfully removed. Uroliths analysis revealed the presence of struvite and bacteriology showed the presence of Proteus mirabilis. Little is known about aetiology and incidence of urolithiasis in chipmunks. Client education about husbandry, dietary needs, and animal behaviour is necessary, especially when dealing with less commonly kept exotic companion mammals. This is the first report of struvite urolithiasis in a pet chipmunk.

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On the Relation Between the Variety of Micro-Organisms and the Composition of Stone in Calculous Pyelonephritis.

Cited by 41 publications

References 0 publications

An Ecological Study of Infected Urinary Stone Genesis in an Animal Model

An Ecological Study of Infected Urinary Stone Genesis in an Animal Model

Infection-Related Kidney Stones

Urolithiasis in a captive Siberian chipmunk (<i>Eutamias sibiricus</i>)

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