On the radiation from an open-ended corrugated pipe carrying the HE&amp;lt;inf&amp;gt;11&amp;lt;/inf&amp;gt;mode

Knop, C.M.; Wiesenfarth, H.

doi:10.1109/tap.1972.1140294

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In contrast, 3D beamforming bounds the interference region to a much smaller area, and limits the impact of signal leakage. We also verified that the measured interference footprint aligns with the propagation model and the antenna pattern of the 10 o horn antenna [28,29]. We omit those results due to space limitations.…”

Section: Validating Physical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 66%

“…Radio design artifacts will still produce signal leaks outside of the intended direction [29,40]. When placed in a dense rack formation, leakage produces harmful interference between nearby links and limits the density of concurrent links.…”

Section: Radio Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(1)), which we verified via experiments in Section 3.1. We compute interference as the total energy accumulated from all concurrent transmissions, accounting for the impact of both antenna orientation and radiation pattern [28,29]. (b) Impact of Ceiling Height h Figure 6: The number of concurrent links using 3D beamforming, varying the number of radios per rack and ceiling height h, using one (1CH) or three channels (3CH).…”

Section: Multiple Radios Per Rackmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mirror mirror on the ceiling

ZhouXia

ZhangZengbin

ZhuYibo

et al. 2012

SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.

105

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Modern data centers are massive, and support a range of distributed applications across potentially hundreds of server racks. As their utilization and bandwidth needs continue to grow, traditional methods of augmenting bandwidth have proven complex and costly in time and resources. Recent measurements show that data center traffic is often limited by congestion loss caused by short traffic bursts. Thus an attractive alternative to adding physical bandwidth is to augment wired links with wireless links in the 60 GHz band.We address two limitations with current 60 GHz wireless proposals. First, 60 GHz wireless links are limited by line-of-sight, and can be blocked by even small obstacles. Second, even beamforming links leak power, and potential interference will severely limit concurrent transmissions in dense data centers. We propose and evaluate a new wireless primitive for data centers, 3D beamforming, where 60 GHz signals bounce off data center ceilings, thus establishing indirect line-of-sight between any two racks in a data center. We build a small 3D beamforming testbed to demonstrate its ability to address both link blockage and link interference, thus improving link range and number of concurrent transmissions in the data center. In addition, we propose a simple link scheduler and use traffic simulations to show that these 3D links significantly expand wireless capacity compared to their 2D counterparts.

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Section: Validating Physical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Radio Interferencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Multiple Radios Per Rackmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mirror mirror on the ceiling

ZhouXia

ZhangZengbin

ZhuYibo

et al. 2012

SIGCOMM Comput. Commun. Rev.

105

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show abstract

“…While beamforming can bound the transmission energy in a "narrow" direction, it still creates interference at some receivers. Furthermore, radio design artifacts lead to signal leaked outside of the intended direction [20,27]. These factors, together with the dense rack deployment, create harmful interference for concurrent links.…”

Section: Link Blockagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following this model and the configurations defined by the 802.11ad standard [2], we study link throughput via detailed simulations. We consider links using typical horn antennas with 10 o beam width [19,20], transmitting over a channel of 2.16GHz. We conservatively Horn 2D 707 707 707 707 Antenna 3D 2 14 32 134 Antenna 2D 374 374 374 374 Array 3D 18 133 301 351 compute the link throughput as the uncoded modulation rate that guarantees a 1% packet error rate (PER) defined by the 802.11ad standard [2,15].…”

Section: Key Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D beamforming for wireless data centers

Zhang

Zhou

Yang

et al. 2011

Proceedings of the 10th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks

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Contrary to prior assumptions, recent measurements show that data center traffic is not constrained by network bisection bandwidth, but is instead prone to congestion loss caused by short traffic bursts. Compared to the cost and complexity of modifying data center architectures, a much more attractive option is to augment wired links with flexible wireless links in the 60 GHz band. Current proposals, however, are severely constrained by two factors. First, 60 GHz wireless links are limited by line-of-sight, and can be blocked by even small obstacles between the endpoints. Second, even beamforming links leak power, and potential interference will severely limit concurrent transmissions in dense data centers. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of a new wireless primitive for data centers, 3D beamforming. We explore the design space, and show how bouncing 60 GHz wireless links off reflective ceilings can address both link blockage and link interference, thus improving link range and number of current transmissions in the data center.

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Radiation patterns of the HE11 mode and Gaussian approximations

Rebuffi

Crenn

1989

Int J Infrared Milli Waves

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On the radiation from an open-ended corrugated pipe carrying the HE<inf>11</inf>mode

Cited by 16 publications

References 8 publications

Mirror mirror on the ceiling

Mirror mirror on the ceiling

3D beamforming for wireless data centers

Radiation patterns of the HE11 mode and Gaussian approximations

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