On the Purification of Water by Agitation with Iron and by Sand Filtration

Anderson, W

doi:10.1038/scientificamerican02121887-9260supp

Cited by 14 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Here, a filter made of sponge iron and sand (volumetric Fe 0 :sand = 1:3) could successfully work for 18 months with little maintenance before experiencing clogging. Difficulties to manage clogging resulted in the development of the Anderson Process in which polluted water is equilibrated with iron filings within a "revolving purifier" [2,8,20,21]. The Anderson Process is, in essence, a coagulation event in which coagulants (iron hydroxides) are generated in situ [22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Ndé-Tchoupé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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Studies were undertaken to determine the reasons why published information regarding the efficiency of metallic iron (Fe 0 ) for water treatment is conflicting and even confusing. The reactivity of eight Fe 0 materials was characterized by Fe dissolution in a dilute solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetate (Na 2 -EDTA; 2 mM). Both batch (4 days) and column (100 days) experiments were used. A total of 30 different systems were characterized for the extent of Fe release in EDTA. The effects of Fe 0 type (granular iron, iron nails and steel wool) and pretreatment procedure (socking in acetone, EDTA, H 2 O, HCl and NaCl for 17 h) were assessed. The results roughly show an increased iron dissolution with increasing reactive sites (decreasing particle size: wool > filings > nails), but there were large differences between materials from the same group. The main output of this work is that available results are hardly comparable as they were achieved under very different experimental conditions. A conceptual framework is presented for future research directed towards a more processed understanding.Sustainability 2019, 11, 671 2 of 20 organic [27,28], fluoride [29][30][31], heavy metals [32,33], nitrate [34,35], pathogens [36][37][38] and radionuclides [32,39]. The desalination of water using Fe 0 has also been reported [40][41][42][43]. The two key advantages of Fe 0 are its affordability and its universal availability (iron nails, scrap iron and steel wool) [9,10,44,45]. It is commonly reported that the major drawback of Fe 0 -based technologies for water treatment is the low intrinsic reactivity of granular materials [28,33,46]. This situation is said to be aggravated by the inherent generation of an oxide scale at the Fe 0 surface (passivation). Countermeasures to overcome Fe 0 passivation were recently reviewed by Guan et al. [28] and further discussed by Noubactep [47]. It is recalled that, considering passivation as a "curse" contradicts the evidence that Fe 0 -based subsurface permeable barriers have been successfully working for more than one decade [48][49][50]. On the other hand, increased "passivation" should have occurred in the spongy iron filters in Antwerpen as well [2,19]. Clarifying this contradiction is certainly a progress for the whole Fe 0 technology. Clearly, an understanding of the role of "passivation" in the process of decontamination using Fe 0 should be useful for enhancing the system's efficiency in practice [30,31,47].There is an agreement on the evidence that using Fe 0 for water treatment and environmental remediation is "putting corrosion to use" [51][52][53]. There is otherwise a contradiction on practically any other aspect concerning the Fe 0 /H 2 O system, including the reaction mechanisms and factors determining the long-term efficiency of such systems [9,28,47,[54][55][56][57][58]. A key reason for this is the large variability of experimental conditions used in testing Fe 0 materials [58][59][60][61][62]. The main influencing operational parameter seems to be Fe 0 itself [58,61,63,6...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Ndé-Tchoupé

Lufingo

et al. 2019

Sustainability

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“…The use of metallic iron (Fe 0 ) in water treatment was established in the second half of the nineteenth century [1][2][3][4]. Related investigations cleared up the nature of Fe 0 as coagulant-inducing agent both in the Bischof Process (packed-bed filtration) and in the Anderson Process (fluidized bed-like) [1,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. During the past three decades, sophisticated scientific methods have been used to produce a confused mass of discordant and mostly unfounded individual opinions [10][11][12] demonstrating that Fe 0 might be an environmental reducing agent [8,9,.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallic Iron (Fe0) Provide Possible Solution to Universal Safe Drinking Water Provision

Noubactep¹

2018

J Water Technol Treat Methods

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The use of metallic iron (Fe 0 ) for environmental remediation is applied industrially with a great degree of empiricism. Rules of thumb seem to be the only guide followed by the greater part of the Fe 0 remediation community. The present communication demonstrates the validity of such a harsh statement and hopes that the research community will now follow the 10-year-old path concealing Fe 0 remediation and mainstream science. A promising application is safe drinking water provision on a decentralized manner.

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“…The technical viability (proof of concept) [26,[121][122][123][124][125][126][215][216][217][218][219][220][221] and economic feasibility are already demonstrated [54,201]. The environmental and social acceptance of the technology in the community can be considered a given as the technology is developed locally.…”

Section: Limitations Of Fe 0 Filtersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

et al. 2017

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Metallic iron (Fe 0 )-based filtration systems have the potential to significantly contribute to the achievement of the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of substantially improving the human condition by 2030 through the provision of clean water. Recent knowledge on Fe 0 -based safe drinking water filters is addressed herein. They are categorized into two types: Household and community filters. Design criteria are recalled and operational details are given. Scientists are invited to co-develop knowledge enabling the exploitation of the great potential of Fe 0 filters for sustainable safe drinking water provision (and sanitation).

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On the Purification of Water by Agitation with Iron and by Sand Filtration

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

The Impact of Selected Pretreatment Procedures on Iron Dissolution from Metallic Iron Specimens Used in Water Treatment

Metallic Iron (Fe0) Provide Possible Solution to Universal Safe Drinking Water Provision

Making Fe0-Based Filters a Universal Solution for Safe Drinking Water Provision

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