On the predictive control of foveal eye tracking and slow phases of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus.

Yasui, Syozo; Young, Laurence R.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1984.sp015050

Cited by 192 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The eyes did not move in a smooth pursuit fashion; therefore, the eyes and hand did not always cross the same location in each cycle. Nevertheless, the data demonstrated that the eyes led the hand by approximately one-eighth of a cycle for circles and ovals (~125 ms), which is consistent with previous reports on manuoocular tracking (Bahill & McDonald, 1983a,1983bBarnes & Rubbock, 1989;Vercher et al, 1997;Yasui & Young, 1984) and on discrete aiming tasks (Johansson et al, 2001;Neggers & Bekkering, 1999. In those studies, participants used visual information in a feed-forward manner to plan and organize the movement.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The Role of Vision in the Control of Continuous Multijoint Movements

Ketcham¹,

Dounskaia²,

Stelmach³

2006

Journal of Motor Behavior

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The authors investigated whether visual fixations during a continuous graphical task were related to arm endpoint kinematics, joint motions, or joint control. The pattern of visual fixations across various shapes and the relationship between temporal and spatial events of the moving limb and visual fixations were assessed. Participants (N = 16) performed movements of varying shapes by rotating the shoulder and elbow joints in the transverse plane at a comfortable pace. Across shapes, eye movements consisted of a series of fixations, with the eyes leading the hand. Fixations were spatially related to modulation of joint motion and were temporally related to the portions of the movement where curvature was the highest. Gathering of information related to modulation of interactive torques arising from passive forces from movement of a linked system occurred when the velocity of the movement (a) was the lowest and (b) was ahead of the moving limb, suggesting that that information is used in a feedforward manner. Keywords coordination; limb control; oculomotor control Many of our daily activities involve coordinated motion of multiple body segments through the environment. Vision provides information about the environment, and that information is integrated with other sources of information regarding the effector's position so that we can achieve the movement goal. It is probable that the eyes move with a combination of smooth pursuit and saccadic movements. Researchers have shown that during movements that require precision, namely, identifying and preparing to manipulate objects, the eyes fixate and shift gaze several times so that they can gather information (Angel, Alston, & Garland, 1970;Biguer, Jeannerod, & Prablanc, 1982;Johansson, Westling, Backstrom, & Flanagan, 2001;Land, 1992;Land & McLeod, 2000;Land, Mennie, & Rusted, 1999;Neggers & Bekkering, 1999Pelisson, Prablanc, Goodale, & Jeannerod, 1986;Prablanc, Echallier, Komilis, & Jeannerod, 1979). For example, Johansson and colleagues investigated the coordination of eye saccades and hand movements in a functional goal-directed task. Participants had to grasp a bar, move it over an obstacle, and hit a target. Results demonstrated that participants consistently made saccades to distinct points, namely, the bar to be grasped and the target to be hit. Furthermore, participants did not saccade to the next position until the hand reached that current position (for the bar and the target). Thus, when participants were not given instructions with respect to eye movements in that goal-oriented task, their eyes made saccadic movements related to accurate control of the hand and did not make smooth pursuit movements. Specifically, the results of the cited research suggest that vision provides the central nervous system with information about the ongoing movement that is relevant to minimizing movement error and maximizing accuracy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

The Role of Vision in the Control of Continuous Multijoint Movements

Ketcham¹,

Dounskaia²,

Stelmach³

2006

Journal of Motor Behavior

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“…For predictable, periodic targets, smooth pursuit generally has zero phase lag and near-unity gain (Stark et al, 1962;Yasui and Young, 1984;van den Berg, 1988), which are thought to reflect the use of "anticipatory," "predictive," or "cognitive" signals to track the target, in addition to retinal and eye velocity signals (Keating, 1991(Keating, , 1993MacAvoy et al, 1991). We believe the changes in eye velocity in the current study likely reflect a turning up of the gain of the predictive signals that drive sinusoidal pursuit.…”

Section: Fpamentioning

confidence: 86%

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Frontal Oculomotor Regions during Smooth Pursuit

Gagnon¹,

Paus²,

Grosbras³

et al. 2006

J. Neurosci.

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Both the frontal eye fields (FEFs) and supplementary eye fields (SEFs) are known to be involved in smooth pursuit eye movements. It has been shown recently that stimulation of the smooth-pursuit area of the FEF [frontal pursuit area (FPA)] in monkey increases the pursuit response to unexpected changes in target motion during pursuit. In the current study, we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the FPA and SEF in humans during sinusoidal pursuit to assess its effects on the pursuit response to predictable, rather than unexpected, changes in target motion. For the FPA, we found that TMS applied immediately before the target reversed direction increased eye velocity in the new direction, whereas TMS applied in mid-cycle, immediately before the target began to slow, decreased eye velocity. For the SEF, TMS applied at target reversal increased eye velocity in the new direction but had no effect on eye velocity when applied at mid-cycle. TMS of the control region (leg region of the somatosensory cortex) did not affect eye velocity at either point. Previous stimulation studies of FPA during pursuit have suggested that this region is involved in controlling the gain of the transformation of visual signals into pursuit motor commands. The current results suggest that the gain of the transformation of predictive signals into motor commands is also controlled by the FPA. The effect of stimulation of the SEF is distinct from that of the FPA and suggests that its role in sinusoidal pursuit is primarily at the target direction reversal.

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“…In contrast, vision-dependent neural circuits mediating smooth pursuit (reflexive following of images on the retinal foveae) and optokinetic nystagmus (reflexive tracking of the movement of the peripheral visual fields) fail as gaze-stabilizing mechanisms for head movements above ~0.5 Hz and ~50°/s. [12] The AVOR and visual mechanisms are thus complementary, combining to maintain stable gaze across the physiologically relevant range of head movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In normal humans subjected to passive sinusoidal or transient head rotation in light or darkness over the range of head movements typical of walking, jogging or even vigorous head shaking (>300°/s and >5000°/s 2 over ~0. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16], the AVOR gain (conventionally defined as the absolute value of the ratio of eye and head velocity about the axis of head rotation for sinusoids [or of acceleration for transients]) is near 1 and its latency is only 7-9 ms. [9;10;2; 11]. The gain of the AVOR in darkness falls as head rotation frequency decreases below ~0.1 Hz, where vision-dependent tracking mechanisms dominate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multichannel Semicircular Canal Neural Prosthesis Using Electrical Stimulation to Restore 3-D Vestibular Sensation

Santina

Migliaccio²,

Patel³

2007

IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.

150

211

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Bilateral loss of vestibular sensation can be disabling. Those afflicted suffer illusory visual field movement during head movements, chronic disequilibrium and postural instability due to failure of vestibulo-ocular and vestibulo-spinal reflexes. A neural prosthesis that emulates the normal transduction of head rotation by semicircular canals could significantly improve quality of life for these patients. Like the 3 semicircular canals in a normal ear, such a device should at least transduce 3 orthogonal (or linearly separable) components of head rotation into activity on corresponding ampullary branches of the vestibular nerve. We describe the design, circuit performance and in vivo application of a head-mounted, semi-implantable multi-channel vestibular prosthesis that encodes head movement in 3 dimensions as pulse-frequency-modulated electrical stimulation of 3 or more ampullary nerves. In chinchillas treated with intratympanic gentamicin to ablate vestibular sensation bilaterally, prosthetic stimuli elicited a partly compensatory angular vestibulo-ocular reflex in multiple planes. Minimizing misalignment between the axis of eye and head rotation, apparently caused by current spread beyond each electrode's targeted nerve branch, emerged as a key challenge. Increasing stimulation selectivity via improvements in electrode design, surgical technique and stimulus protocol will likely be required to restore AVOR function over the full range of normal behavior.

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On the predictive control of foveal eye tracking and slow phases of optokinetic and vestibular nystagmus.

Cited by 192 publications

References 32 publications

The Role of Vision in the Control of Continuous Multijoint Movements

The Role of Vision in the Control of Continuous Multijoint Movements

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of Frontal Oculomotor Regions during Smooth Pursuit

A Multichannel Semicircular Canal Neural Prosthesis Using Electrical Stimulation to Restore 3-D Vestibular Sensation

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