On the prediction of mean monthly ocean temperatures

Brief introduction to a long-range forecasting method for rainfall anomalies in China

“….., were obtained empirically by other authors (see [7,8,9]). Other coefficients, such as K, B3--Bg, .…”

Incorporation of hydrologic cycle elements into the dynamic-stochastic climate model

“…TNm zonal and meridional components of anomal drift currents computed according to (Adem 1970); wind speed components (monthly anomalies) at 850 mb surface; climatological means (normals) of the same parameters (after Guterman 1975); SST climatological (normal) field (after Methodical... 1977) climatological mean (normal) air temperature at 850 mb surface (Stekhnovsky, Khanevskaya 1975).…”

Experiments in long‐range climate control

“…In this study we use the thermodynamic low-resolution grid model of climate of J. Adem (1979) which is intermediate between the energy balance models of Budyko (1969) and Sellers (1973) and the large, dynamic general circulation models (GCM) used in short-range weather forecasting. Although the model itself is still in the process of revision and refinement, it is being used experimentally to forecast monthly climate and has shown encouraging skill in this use.…”

“…The model itself is hemispheric in present form and treats a two-layer system; an atmospheric layer, 10 km thick and an ocean layer 50-100 m thick; the continents are taken as having negligible thickness (as regards heat storage). As fully described elsewhere (Adem 1979), it is assumed that for climate scales, the thermal state of the atmosphere and oceans can be described by the appropriate equations for the conservation of thermal energy. Included also is advection of heat by wind and ocean currents and the diffusion of heat by transient eddies.…”

“…1. The model has been used successfully (Adem 1979) to generate current normals of surface and mid-tropospheric Northern Hemisphere climate with the use of time averaged data of the appropriate heat sources and sinks including and, where applicable, parameterizations of other heating functions involved. In separate computations that were carried out to provide for uncertainties in some of the input values, a mean surface temperature from 14-90 "C to 15-07 "C resulted, certainly close to the generally accepted mean of about 15 "C. 2.…”