On the Physical Basis for Genetic Resistance to Mouse Typhoid, Salmonella Typhimurium

Gowen, John W.; Calhoun, M. Lois

doi:10.1073/pnas.29.5.144

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 3 publications

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“…The mouse model of Salmonella infection has long been of interest to scientists trying to understand bacterial pathogenesis and immunity to infection (Blanden et al, 1966; Gowen and Calhoun, 1943; Zinkernagel, 1976). As Salmonella preferentially infects and resides within macrophages, the activation of these cells by IFN-γ produced by Th1 cells plays a prominent role in bacterial killing (Mastroeni, 2002; Mittrucker and Kaufmann, 2000; Wick, 2003).…”

Section: Adaptive Immunity In the Murine Typhoid Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the Dynamics of Salmonella Specific T Cell Responses

Moon

McSorley

2009

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Over the last decade, significant advances have been made in the methodology for studying immune responses in vivo. It is now possible to follow almost every aspect of pathogen-specific immunity using in vivo models that incorporate physiological infectious doses and natural routes of infection. This new ability to study immunity in a relevant physiological context will greatly expand our understanding of the dynamic interplay between host and pathogen. Visualizing the resolution of primary infection and the development of long-term immunological memory should also aid the development of new vaccines and therapeutics for infectious diseases. In this review, we will describe the application of in vivo visualization technology to Salmonella infection, describe our current understanding of Salmonella-specific immunity, and discuss some unanswered questions that remain in this model.

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Section: Adaptive Immunity In the Murine Typhoid Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracking the Dynamics of Salmonella Specific T Cell Responses

Moon

McSorley

2009

Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology

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Strain-specific Loss of Formyl Peptide Receptor 3 in the Murine Vomeronasal and Immune Systems

Stempel¹,

Jung

Pérez-Gómez³

et al. 2016

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Social animals benefit from sharing information that promotes fitness and survival (1-3). In rodents, there is extensive evidence that the detection of chemosensory cues emitted by other individuals is a fundamental feature of social recognition and a prerequisite for a wide range of social behaviors (4 -6).For example, rodents use such chemical signals to distinguish between parasitized individuals, recognize infected conspecifics, and avoid and display aversive responses to infected individuals (7-9). Defining the cellular and molecular mechanisms and neural circuits underlying the detection of infection-and illness-associated states is not only crucial for understanding the sensing of health status in animals but also for advancing our knowledge of disease-related odors and diagnostic olfactory biomarkers in humans (10, 11).The vomeronasal organ (VNO) 4 is an olfactory substructure of the mammalian nose that is essential for social recognition and chemical communication (12). The VNO houses vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs), specialized nerve cells that detect a wide range of volatile and non-volatile molecular cues, including pheromones and predator odors (13-15). Among these cues are major histocompatibility complex class I binding peptides (antigens) and other small urinary peptides (16 -18) thus providing initial support for an evolutionary link between recognition mechanisms in immune cells and subsets of VSNs (14, 19). More recently, clear evidence has emerged that the VNO plays an important role in mediating sick conspecific avoidance and thus seems to function as a sensor of infection (20), but the underlying cellular and molecular basis for this function remains unclear. VSNs are characterized by the expression of large families of G protein-coupled receptors, vomeronasal type 1 receptors (Vmn1r) expressed in the apical vomeronasal layer and vomeronasal type 2 receptor (Vmn2r) that function together with non-classical class I major histocompatibility complex receptors of the H2-Mv subtype in the basal layer (21, 22). An important development has been the identification of a third family of G protein-coupled receptors expressed in subsets of VSNs as follows: the formyl peptide receptors (Fprs) (23,24). Fprs are primarily known from the innate immune system where they are involved in chemoattraction of phagocytic immune cells to sites of infection mediating host defense against invading microorganisms (25-28). Fprs detect a wide range of inflammation markers as well as bacterial and mitochondrial peptides (25-28), and consistent with the results from immune cells, some of these ligands have also been shown to activate specific VSNs (23,29). Hence, members of the Fpr family are currently prime candidates for mediating VNO pathogen sensing, although it cannot be ruled out that

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Theoretical Aspects of Bacterial Chemotherapy

McIlwain

1944

Biological Reviews

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Summary Higher organisms and micro‐organisms exhibit many types of mutual action and association, and that type of interaction in which the micro‐organism becomes a parasite is normally prevented by the potential host. If parasitism is established its course may be impeded by administration of substances to the host; interaction in the resulting system of drug, parasite and host then constitutes chemotherapy. The interactions of successful bacterial chemothera‐peuticals with the parasites, apart from the host, show characters which in most cases afford a basis for their effects in vivo. Their action may be to retard bacterial growth, as is the case with sulphonamides. They may stop the use by the parasite of substances which protect it from the host, as do the antipneumococcal polysaccharidases; or they may react with bacterial products which are injurious to the host, as do antitoxins. Such actions are susceptible to further analysis. The effects upon growth have been found to be associated with particular substances whose nature in several cases has suggested the mode of action of the inhibitor. Hypotheses based upon such findings have enabled certain new types of agents to be prepared, and reasons given for their structural specificity. Processes of the parasite, which are affected by chemotherapeuticals, have also been characterized by following the influence of the agents upon the course of growth of the parasite. A beginning has been made to specifying such influence in terms of effects upon isolated metabolic processes and other events in the parasite. Interaction of the host with both parasite and antibacterial agent or potential agent condition the issue in chemotherapy. The concentrations of effective agent reached at different times in different parts of the host depend upon characters which are open to experimental modification, such as the mode of administration of the agent, but also upon many which are not. The latter may be accommodated by suitable choice or design of agent and include its physiological characters such as absorption, excretion and reabsorption, and biochemical ones such as its activation or inactivation by substances or processes of the host. It is necessary to study these factors, and other undesirable reactions with the host, before correlation of chemotherapeutic efficacy with structure of the agent can be expected. Events in the complete chemotherapeutic system have been referred to properties of its components by observations which include: correlation of the actions of an agent upon the parasite in vivo and in vitro; the reproduction in vitro of synergism and antagonism observed in chemotherapy; the finding of in vitro phenomena associated with drug resistance in vivo; and the type of change in the host associated with success of chemotherapy or with normal recovery from, and resistance to, infection.

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On the Physical Basis for Genetic Resistance to Mouse Typhoid, Salmonella Typhimurium

Abstract: linear increase in the mutation rate with the dosage of the Mutator gene. 4. The Mutator probably is linked to the second chromosome. 5. A total of approximately two thousand mutations was observed; some of the mutations were located.

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Tracking the Dynamics of Salmonella Specific T Cell Responses

Tracking the Dynamics of Salmonella Specific T Cell Responses

Strain-specific Loss of Formyl Peptide Receptor 3 in the Murine Vomeronasal and Immune Systems

Theoretical Aspects of Bacterial Chemotherapy

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