On the Origins of Fracture Toughness in Advanced Teleosts: How the Swordfish Sword's Bone Structure and Composition Allow for Slashing under Water to Kill or Stun Prey

Schmidt, Felix N.; Zimmermann, Elizabeth A.; Walsh, Flynn; Plumeyer, Christine; Schaible, Eric; Fiedler, Imke A.K.; Milovanović, Petar; Rößle, Manfred; Amling, Michael; Blanchet, Clément E.; Gludovatz, Bernd; Ritchie, Robert O.; Busse, Björn

doi:10.1002/advs.201900287

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…(46,47) The analysis of bone mineral density distribution and FTIR spectroscopy in the femoral cortex showed that immobilized bone exhibited slightly higher bone mineralization than osteoporotic bone. Generally, while higher tissue age is associated with a higher degree of mineralization, (48)(49)(50) aged and osteoporotic individuals usually show lower calcium content due to a high remodeling rate, thus replacing old tissue by newly built bone tissue at a lower mineralization. (25) Our results confirmed lower mean calcium content in the cohort of postmenopausal osteoporosis, whereas in the immobilization group, the mineral content was found to be in the range of young control specimens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Immobilization in Elderly Females Causes a Specific Pattern of Cortical Bone and Osteocyte Deterioration Different From Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Rolvien

Milovanović

Schmidt

et al. 2020

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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Immobilization as a result of long-term bed rest can lead to gradual bone loss. Because of their distribution throughout the bone matrix and remarkable interconnectivity, osteocytes represent the major mechanosensors in bone and translate mechanical into biochemical signals controlling bone remodeling. To test whether immobilization affects the characteristics of the osteocyte network in human cortical bone, femoral diaphyseal bone specimens were analyzed in immobilized female individuals and compared with agematched postmenopausal individuals with primary osteoporosis. Premenopausal and postmenopausal healthy individuals served as control groups. Cortical porosity, osteocyte number and lacunar area, the frequency of hypermineralized lacunae, as well as cortical bone calcium content (CaMean) were assessed using bone histomorphometry and quantitative backscattered electron imaging (qBEI). Bone matrix properties were further analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In the immobilization group, cortical porosity was significantly higher, and qBEI revealed a trend toward higher matrix mineralization compared with osteoporotic individuals. Osteocyte density and canalicular density showed a declining rate from premenopausal toward healthy postmenopausal and osteoporotic individuals with peculiar reductions in the immobilization group, whereas the number of hypermineralized lacunae accumulated inversely. In conclusion, reduced osteocyte density and impaired connectivity during immobilization are associated with a specific bone loss pattern, reflecting a phenotype clearly distinguishable from postmenopausal osteoporosis. Immobilization periods may lead to a loss of survival signals for osteocytes, provoking bone loss that is even higher than in osteoporosis states, whereas osteocytic osteolysis remains absent.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-Term Immobilization in Elderly Females Causes a Specific Pattern of Cortical Bone and Osteocyte Deterioration Different From Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Rolvien

Milovanović

Schmidt

et al. 2020

Journal of Bone and Mineral Research

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“…The use of the "sword" for immobilizing or killing prey has been reported in past studies [29,41,46,50] and a number of prey items in this study showed signs of being slashed, punctured or cut. The "sword" has a similar hunting function as the thresher's tail [110] and can be used to stun fish [111]. Adult swordfish are toothless [112] and swallow their prey whole.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding ecology of broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the California Current

Preti

Stohs

DiNardo³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The feeding ecology of broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the California Current was described based on analysis of stomach contents collected by federal fishery observers aboard commercial drift gillnet boats from 2007 to 2014. Prey were identified to the lowest taxonomic level and diet composition was analyzed using univariate and multivariate methods. Of 299 swordfish sampled (74 to 245 cm eye-to-fork length), 292 non-empty stomachs contained remains from 60 prey taxa. Diet consisted mainly of cephalopods but also included epipelagic and mesopelagic teleosts. Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and Gonatopsis borealis were the most important prey based on the geometric index of importance. Swordfish diet varied with body size, location and year. Jumbo squid, Gonatus spp. and Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) were more important for larger swordfish, reflecting the ability of larger specimens to catch large prey. Jumbo squid, Gonatus spp. and market squid (Doryteuthis opalescens) were more important in swordfish diet in inshore waters, while G. borealis and Pacific hake predominated offshore. Jumbo squid was more important from 2007-2010 than in 2011-2014, with Pacific hake the most important prey item in the latter period. Diet variation by area and year probably reflects differences in swordfish preference, prey availability, prey distribution, and prey abundance. The range expansion of jumbo squid that occurred during the first decade of this century may particularly explain their prominence in swordfish diet from 2007-2010. Some factors that may influence dietary variation in swordfish were identified. Standardization could make future studies more comparable for conservation monitoring purposes.

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“…Here the diffraction of X-rays represents not only the structure of mineral particles by means of length and thickness. Collagen and mineral alignment can be measured and the collagen-mineral interaction under loading can be determined (16,17). X-ray crystallography can be divided into SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) and WAXD (wide angle X-ray diffraction)…”

Section: Confocal Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Clinical Perspective on Advanced Developments in Bone Biopsy Assessment in Rare Bone Disorders

et al. 2020

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Introduction: Bone biopsies have been obtained for many centuries and are one of the oldest known medical procedures in history. Despite the introduction of new noninvasive radiographic imaging techniques and genetic analyses, bone biopsies are still valuable in the diagnosis of bone diseases. Advanced techniques for the assessment of bone quality in bone biopsies, which have emerged during the last decades, allows in-depth tissue analyses beyond structural changes visible in bone histology. In this review, we give an overview of the application and advantages of the advanced techniques for the analysis of bone biopsies in the clinical setting of various rare metabolic bone diseases. Method: A systematic literature search on rare metabolic bone diseases and analyzing techniques of bone biopsies was performed in PubMed up to 2019 week 34. Results: Advanced techniques for the analysis of bone biopsies were described for rare metabolic bone disorders including Paget's disease of bone, osteogenesis imperfecta, fibrous dysplasia, Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva, PLS3 X-linked osteoporosis, Loeys-Diets syndrome, osteopetrosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Cherubism. A variety of advanced available analytical techniques were identified that may help to provide additional detail on cellular, structural, and compositional characteristics in rare bone diseases complementing classical histopathology. Discussion: To date, these techniques have only been used in research and not in daily clinical practice. Clinical application of bone quality assessment techniques depends upon several aspects such as availability of the technique in hospitals, the existence of reference data, and a cooperative network of researchers and clinicians. The evaluation of rare metabolic bone disorders requires a repertoire of different methods, owing to their distinct bone tissue characteristics. The broader use of bone material obtained from biopsies could provide much more information about pathophysiology or treatment options and establish bone biopsies as a valuable tool in rare metabolic bone diseases.

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On the Origins of Fracture Toughness in Advanced Teleosts: How the Swordfish Sword's Bone Structure and Composition Allow for Slashing under Water to Kill or Stun Prey

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Long-Term Immobilization in Elderly Females Causes a Specific Pattern of Cortical Bone and Osteocyte Deterioration Different From Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Long-Term Immobilization in Elderly Females Causes a Specific Pattern of Cortical Bone and Osteocyte Deterioration Different From Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Feeding ecology of broadbill swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the California Current

A Clinical Perspective on Advanced Developments in Bone Biopsy Assessment in Rare Bone Disorders

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