On the origin of photon mass, momentum, and energy in a dielectric medium [Invited]

Abstract

The debate and controversy concerning the momentum of light in a dielectric medium (Abraham vs Minkowski) is well-known and still not fully resolved. In this paper, we investigate the origin of both momenta in the frame of special relativity by considering photons in media as relativistic quasiparticles. We demonstrate for the first time to the best of our knowledge that the Minkowski form of the photon mass, momentum, and energy follows directly from the relativistic energy conservation law. We introduce a new expression for the momentum of light in a dispersive medium, consistent with the experimentally observed propagation of photons at the group velocity. Finally, the effect of light-induced optical stretching is discussed, which can be used for experimental verification of the existing expressions for the photon momentum.

Using Potential Dependent Special Relativity, Gauss’s Law, and Schrodinger Equation to Find Vacuum Quantized Energy and Elementary Particles Mass

“…According to eqn (6) the total flux is the sum of mass flux and vacuum flux, for particle at rest vacuum energy per unit is equal to the square of the average speed of light as shown by equation ( 15) & ( 16) indicates that vacuum potential is itself the rest mass self-energy. This means that gravity vacuum energy background is responsible for generating the elementary particles masses [see eqn (16)]. The value of vacuum energy in equation ( 16) is obtain for any potential, assuming that the energy cannot be an imagining quantity, then finding the minimum energy for positive 𝛷 .one can also obtain the same results for weak fields there (𝛷 ˂ c 2 ) enables simplifying energy relation (18) to get the same results in equation ( 22) using Schrödinger equation in spherical coordinate, assuming the particles are in the form of spheres [see eqn (25)] vacuum energy is shown to be quantized as shown in eqn (35).…”

“…The paper of S.A.orlov utilized the theory of vertex gravitation to prove that the photon must have a mass [8] he found the gravity force on either vertex beside the centrifugal force to obtain useful expression for the photon in a dielectric medium has been takes by Nikolai B.chichkov, et al [16] in their work they utilized special relativity energy conservation principle, treating the photon as a quasi-particle, to obtain the photon mass. Antonio Accioly and others [17] found the upper bound of the photon mass using general relativity theory; they utilized the dispersive deflection of the quantized massive electromagnetic radiation by the gravity field of the sun to perform this task [17].…”

Photonic Impacts on Photosynthesis Phenomena Based On Crops Leaves

“…Where the wavenumber is 𝑘= 2πn/λ. The photon energy (ℏ𝜔) and photon speed (𝑣 = 𝑐/𝑛) are introduced [12]. As a result, a lot of photons will still carry roughly the same amount of energy as an electromagnetic wave.…”

“…Literature shows that overall photosynthetic reaction required 54 photons and the chemical reaction given by Falkowski and Raven in 2007 is shown in Equation (12). 12𝐻 5 𝑂 + 6𝐶𝑂 5 + 54𝑝ℎ𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 _ /% 1 `→ 𝐶 A 𝐻 F5 𝑂 A + 6𝐻 5 𝑂 + 6𝑂 5 (12) This means one molecule of C A H F5 O A is formed by 54 photons combinedly. The impact cross area of photon 𝜋𝜆 5 with an order of 10 +F@ 𝑐𝑚 5 for visible and the molecular cross-section from Fig.…”

Classical-Relativistic Variability of Inertia of Photon Displacement Mass in the Matter and the Specific Vacuum Temperature

“…The growing demand of photonics in the development of new technologies, with special emphasis on the use for quantum computing and information [41], [42], [13], [25] conditions numerous studies to unveil the hidden secrets of different physical properties of light, that sometimes are to those that constitute the very essence of the physical entity, for example the nature of the photon mass that recently guides different studies ( [34], [29], [21], [22], [36], [20], [2], [35], [28]), and even the wave-particle duality is discussed [31], [3], [20].…”