“…Ultra-low frequency (ULF) waves have been proposed to provide both resonant (e.g., Elkington et al, 1999;Mann et al, 2013) and diffusive (e.g., Brautigam & Albert, 2000;Schulz & Lanzerotti, 1974) acceleration and transport of electrons. ULF wave precipitation signatures have been observed since the early 1960s (e.g., Anger et al, 1963;Brown, 1964;Ziauddin, 1960) and have been observed in riometer (e.g., Beharrell et al, 2010;Heacock & Hunsucker, 1977;Olson et al, 1980;Spanswick et al, 2005), auroral (e.g., Rae, Mann, Dent, et al, 2007;Roldugin & Roldugin, 2008), and X-ray-related precipitation (e.g., Brito et al, 2012;Halford et al, 2015;Motoba et al, 2013). However, although ULF wave signatures have been observed in precipitation across a wide range of energies from keV to MeV, these waves have only been proposed to be indirectly involved in energetic electron losses.…”