On the Optimization of Electrical Water Heaters: Modelling Simulations and Experimentation

Salameh, Wassim; Faraj, Jalal; Harika, Elias; Murr, Rabih; Khaled, Mahmoud

doi:10.3390/en14133912

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Energi kalor dapat berpindah akibat adanya perbedaan suhu yang tinggi ke daerah suhu rendah, apabila terdapat dua benda dengan suhu yang beda bersentuhan akan terjadi pertukaran energi internal sampai suhu pada kedua benda tersebut seimbang (Salameh et al, 2021). Secara matematis jumlah panas dapat ditulis sebagai berikut (Yuningsih, 2018);…”

Section: Pemanas Air Listrikunclassified

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemanas Air Otomatis Pada Pengujian Mesin Cuci

Sukma

Mujahid

2022

j. standard.

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Setiap produk rumah tangga berbasis elektronik khususnya mesin cuci perlu dilakukan pengujian sesuai standar untuk keamanan dan keselamatan pengguna. Standar terkait mesin cuci adalah SNI IEC 60335-2-7. Pada klausul 3.1.9 di dalam standar tersebut dijelaskan, bahwa untuk pengujian mesin cuci tanpa elemen pemanas perlu dioperasikan dengan air bersuhu 65°C dengan toleransi ±5 °C. Dalam penelitian ini dirancang sistem pemanas air otomatis yang mampu menghasilkan suhu sesuai dengan parameter yang diinginkan standar. Pembuatan sistem pemanas terdiri dari tangki pemanas air berbentuk tabung dengan panjang 60 cm dan lebar 41 cm berbahan stainless steel, di dalam tabung tersebut terdapat elemen pemanas listrik dengan daya 1200 Watt. Untuk memperoleh suhu air dengan presisi yang lebih baik, pengendalian suhu air dalam penelitian ini dirancang menggunakan metode PID. Hasil respon pengendali PID mendapatkan waktu awal kenaikan sekitar 4.080 detik dan mencapai keadaan tunak sekitar 4.830 detik dari pembacaan sensor. Respon tersebut juga menghasilkan suhu air yang stabil dan masih dalam batas toleransi yang ditentukan standar, yaitu 650C±50C.

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Section: Pemanas Air Listrikunclassified

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemanas Air Otomatis Pada Pengujian Mesin Cuci

Sukma

Mujahid

2022

j. standard.

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“…For smart grid applications, the energy efficiency of EWHs can be improved by using thermal models and advanced control algorithms that typically reduce heat loss, maintain user comfort and prevent the growth of Legionella bacteria, which can cause the disease Legionellosis [19][20][21]. Such models and strategies have been extensively researched but few of them have been designed to reduce demand and overall energy [22]. The typical, and most energy inefficient, control of EWHs, referred to as thermostat control (TC), is to leave the thermostat always on to maintain the water temperature at a set point.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centrally Adapted Optimal Control of Multiple Electric Water Heaters

2022

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Breakthroughs in smart grid technology make it possible to deliver electricity in controlled and intelligent ways to improve energy efficiency between the user and the utility. Demand-side management strategies can reduce overall energy usage and shift consumption to reduce peak loads. Electric water heaters account for 40% of residential energy consumption. Since they are thermal storage devices, advanced control strategies can improve their efficiency. However, existing methods disregard the connection between the user and the grid. We propose a centrally adapted control model that allows for coordinated scheduling to adapt the optimal control schedule of each EWH, spreading the load into off-peak periods to ensure that the grid’s generation capacity is not exceeded. We consider two strategies for the delivery of hot water: temperature matching, and energy matching with Legionella sterilisation, and compare them to a baseline strategy where the thermostat is always switched on. Simulation results for a grid of 77 EWHs showed that an unconstrained peak load of 1.05 kW/EWH can be reduced as low as 0.4 kW/EWH and achieve a median energy saving per EWH of 0.38 kWh/day for the temperature matching strategy and 0.64 kWh/day for the energy matching strategy, without reducing the user’s comfort.

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“…Therefore, minimising energy costs of an EWH is directly linked to reducing the intensity of energy demand and greenhouse-gas emissions [4,5]. Even though studies that relate to smart grid applications have provided an in-depth analysis of thermal models and control algorithms, few of these models are explicitly designed to achieve an overall reduction in energy usage [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?

2021

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The operation of water heating uses a substantial amount of energy and is responsible for 30% of a household’s overall electricity consumption. Determining methods of reducing energy demand is crucial for countries such as South Africa, where energy supply is almost exclusively electrical, 88% of it is generated by coal, and energy deficits cause frequent blackouts. Decreasing the energy consumption of tanked water heaters can be achieved by reducing the standing losses and thermal energy of the hot water used. In this paper, we evaluate various energy-saving strategies that have commonly been used and determine which strategy is best. These strategies include optimising the heating schedule, lowering the set-point temperature, reducing the volume of hot water used, and installing additional thermal insulation. The results show that the best strategy was providing optimal control of the heating element, and savings of 16.3% were achieved. This study also determined that the magnitude of energy savings is heavily dependent on a household’s water usage intensity and seasonality.

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On the Optimization of Electrical Water Heaters: Modelling Simulations and Experimentation

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemanas Air Otomatis Pada Pengujian Mesin Cuci

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemanas Air Otomatis Pada Pengujian Mesin Cuci

Centrally Adapted Optimal Control of Multiple Electric Water Heaters

Which Strategy Saves the Most Energy for Stratified Water Heaters?

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