On the Occurrence of the Micrococcus catarrhalis in Normal and Catarrhal Noses and its Differentiation from other Gram-negative Cocci

Arkwright, J. A.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400033180

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Dis., 10:89, 1991). This inverse relationship between age and colonization has been known since 1907 (9) and is still present today (81; C. Hol, C. M. Verduin, E. van Dijke, J. Verhoef, and H. van Dijk, Letter, Lancet 341:1281, 1993). At present, there is no good explanation for the difference in rates of colonization between children and adults; one explanation may be the age-dependent development of secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA).…”

Section: Carriagementioning

confidence: 88%

Moraxella catarrhalis: from Emerging to Established Pathogen

et al. 2002

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SUMMARY Moraxella catarrhalis (formerly known as Branhamella catarrhalis) has emerged as a significant bacterial pathogen of humans over the past two decades. During this period, microbiological and molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed and improved for M. catarrhalis, allowing the adequate determination and taxonomic positioning of this pathogen. Over the same period, studies have revealed its involvement in respiratory (e.g., sinusitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and pneumonia) and ocular infections in children and in laryngitis, bronchitis, and pneumonia in adults. The development of (molecular) epidemiological tools has enabled the national and international distribution of M. catarrhalis strains to be established, and has allowed the monitoring of nosocomial infections and the dynamics of carriage. Indeed, such monitoring has revealed an increasing number of Β-lactamase-positive M. catarrhalis isolates (now well above 90%), underscoring the pathogenic potential of this organism. Although a number of putative M. catarrhalis virulence factors have been identified and described in detail, their relationship to actual bacterial adhesion, invasion, complement resistance, etc. (and ultimately their role in infection and immunity), has been established in a only few cases. In the past 10 years, various animal models for the study of M. catarrhalis pathogenicity have been described, although not all of these models are equally suitable for the study of human infection. Techniques involving the molecular manipulation of M. catarrhalis genes and antigens are also advancing our knowledge of the host response to and pathogenesis of this bacterial species in humans, as well as providing insights into possible vaccine candidates. This review aims to outline our current knowledge of M. catarrhalis, an organism that has evolved from an emerging to a well-established human pathogen.

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Section: Carriagementioning

confidence: 88%

Moraxella catarrhalis: from Emerging to Established Pathogen

et al. 2002

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“…A corresponding age relationship was observed by Arkwright (9) in 1907. "Micrococcus catarrhalis" was isolated "from a much larger proportion of infants under one year than of older children or of adults: the last furnished proportionately the fewest strains" (9). Further evidence came from three studies in the 1980s of nasopharyngeal specimens taken in fall or winter months from Swedish children who showed no symptoms of respiratory infections.…”

Section: Analogy Between B Catarrhalis and N Meningitidismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A current textbook (324) estimates its presence as 12% in the nose and nasopharynx and 10 to 97% in the oropharynx. Early studies had found "Micrococcus catarrhalis" in 33% of nasal cultures (9), 18% of nasopharyngeal cultures (112), and 46% of nose and throat cultures from healthy persons and 45% of subjects with the common cold (130). "M. catarrhalis" was recognized as a gram-negative diplococcus, capable of growth at 22°C, which displays certain well-described colony characteristics and has no action on "fermentable substances" (9,108,112).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Branhamella catarrhalis: an organism gaining respect as a pathogen.

Catlin

1990

Clinical Microbiology Reviews

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“…2 Modified Thayer Martin medium (MTM) containing vancomycin 3mg/l, colistin 75 mg/l, trimethoprim 5mg/l and nystatin 12500 U/i (Difco Laboratories). 3 MacConkey agar (Oxoid code No CM7). 4 Crystal violet blood agar, bi-layer plate: lower layer, columbia agar (Oxoid code CM331); upper layer, Columbia blood agar with crystal violet at final concentration 0 0002%.…”

Section: Culture Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%