On the Number of Dust Particles in the Atmosphere of certain Places in Great Britain and on the Continent, with Remarks on the Relation between the Amount of Dust and Meteorological Phenomena

Abstract

The portable dust-counting apparatus described in a previous communication to this Society was designed with a view of making observations on the air at situations where it would be inconvenient to work with the larger laboratory apparatus; and also to enable these observations to be made under conditions more favourable for avoiding local impurities than is possible when working in a house. As the construction of this portable apparatus was completed just as I was about to start for the Continent, the opportunity seemed a favourable one for continuing the investigation into the number of dust particles in the atmosphere, and extending our knowledge on the subject in other countries. The portable apparatus is reduced to such dimensions that it adds but little to one's personal luggage, and can be easily carried to’ the place where the observations are to be made.

Dust Effects on Ir(0)n Nanoparticle Formation Nucleation and Growth Kinetics and Particle Size-Distributions: Analysis by and Insights from Mechanism-Enabled Population Balance Modeling

“…Our results teach that if one has created a PBM that has more than 3–4 total parameters, that is also a PBModel based on nonexperimental input (e.g., such as Classical Nucleation Theory), then the resulting simulations need to be treated with great caution and could be misleading as in a recent example The literature cited in the Introduction, demonstrating that microfiltration sharpens the PSDs of Au(0) n and S n particle formation as well as azo-dye aggregation, provides highly suggestive evidence for the broader application of the kinetics and mechanistic findings uncovered herein of the effects of dust on particle formation reactions and especially on their associated nucleation rate constants. However, much remains to be understood about the effects of dust on nucleation and growth, especially a more detailed physical picture of precisely how the presence of dust has the effects observed both here and in the prior literature. − Some discussion and a working hypothesis based on the concept of Prenucleation Clusters − are provided in the Supporting Information about how dust z– might possibly be functioning in systems with cationic precatalyst components such as Ir I (1,5-COD) + . That said, the work herein is just a start on the needed additional studies, of the effects of common, omnipresent dust and the analysis of its effects by methods that include ME-PBM, for a range of nucleating systems across nature. …”

“…Dust is a “heterogeneous” phase commonly involved in nucleation, making heterogeneous nucleation faster than rare, truly homogeneous nucleation . Dust-mediated nucleation is perhaps best studied in atmospheric chemistry, dating back to the classic studies of Coulier and Aitken who reported the role of the airborne particles in vapor condensation processes in the early 1880s. − Those authors showed that water vapor can condense in an initially “dust-free” glass flask only after either “dirty”, dust-containing air, or carbon dust made by an acetylene flame is introduced. − …”

LaMer's 1950 model of particle formation: a review and critical analysis of its classical nucleation and fluctuation theory basis, of competing models and mechanisms for phase-changes and particle formation, and then of its application to silver halide, semiconductor, metal, and metal-oxide nanoparticles

“…Disproofbased, deliberately minimalistic 2-, 3-, and two 4-step models that include two types of aggregation/agglomeration are available for fitting kinetics data involving nucleation, growth, and agglomeration processes-with the caveat that attention needs to be paid to the well-advertised limitations of those deliberately minimalistic, Ockham's razor-obeying mechanistic models. 48,60,89 Detailed, molecular-level insights into nucleation for strongly bonded systems 17 are beginning to appear, 17,26,27 and the involvement of dust and prevalence of heterogeneous nucleation 5,[281][282][283][284][285][286][287][288][289][290][291][292][293][294][295][296][297][298] are becoming re-appreciated-noteworthy here is that the effects of dust on water vapor nucleation have been known since seminal studies the late 1800s. [281][282][283][284][285][286] The concept of prenucleation clusters is gaining experimental support and hence momentum [72][73][74][75][76][175][176][177][178] -modern ideas that connect back to Turkevich's original ''Organizer'' concept.…”

Short-Lived Trace Gases in the Surface Ocean and the Atmosphere

“…The presence of fine particles (diameter < 100 nm) in the coastal atmosphere has been long established (Aitken 1895). Initially, it was postulated that the secondary production of these particles (i.e., growth through condensation of vapour, rather than primary emission into the atmosphere) involved sulphuric acid, likely derived from the oxidation of DMS (see Sect.…”