“…In the most common case, a potential barrier DU much larger than the thermal energy kT yields an escape rate exponentially small in DU/kT, complemented by a T-independent pre-exponential factor (''attempt frequency"). First major generalizations, of importance for conceptual reasons as well as due to numerous applications, are periodically modulated potentials [43][44][45][46][47]15,16,48,49,19], resulting in a renormalization of DU and highly non-trivial pre-factors, both depending in a very complicated manner on many details of the considered model. Due to the notorious technical difficulties of the problem, all these previous works are focused on one or the other of the following specific regimes: weak, slow, fast, or moderately fast and moderately strong modulations.…”