On the nodular morphology and mechanical behavior of a syntactic foam cured in thermal and microwave fields

Palumbo, Michel; Tempesti, E.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-4044(199809)49:9<482::aid-apol482>3.0.co;2-e

Cited by 20 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Palumbo et al [61] showed that the morphology of a syntactic foam (hollow microspheres in a polymeric matrix) could be changed when cured under thermal and microwave conditions.…”

Section: The Role Of Fillers In Polymer Composites and Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

Komorowska-Durka

Dimitrakis

Bogdał

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the repository url above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. AbstractDuring the past 15 years, increasing application of microwave heating to polycondensation reactions has been witnessed. Experiments have been carried out at laboratory scale using widely different experimental procedures. The use of microwaves has often led to significant benefits compared to conventional heating experiments in terms of multi-fold decrease in reaction times and energy consumption and production of polymers with increased molecular weight and improved mechanical properties. In other cases, microwaves do not appear to 2 produce any significant benefits compared to conventional heating. At present, guidelines to experimentalist as to the process conditions and experimental design that should be applied are missing and experimentation seems to be based on an empirical trial-and-error approach.In view of the very different experimental protocols that have been applied and the contradictory trends that are frequently reported, we aim in this review to shed light on the role of important process parameters, such as the presence and type of solvent, the dielectric properties of the mixture and the individual phases, the use of heterogeneous catalysts, pressure, stirring, reflux conditions, temperature measurement method and microwave absorbing fillers, which all seem to determine the occurrence and magnitude of the benefits enabled by microwaves during polycondensation reactions.

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“…Palumbo et al [61] showed that the morphology of a syntactic foam (hollow microspheres in a polymeric matrix) could be changed when cured under thermal and microwave conditions.…”

Section: The Role Of Fillers In Polymer Composites and Hybrid Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A concise review on microwave-assisted polycondensation reactions and curing of polycondensation polymers with focus on the effect of process conditions

Komorowska-Durka

Dimitrakis

Bogdał

et al. 2015

Chemical Engineering Journal

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“…Foams were then cured further by incubation at 100°C in a convection oven. Curing continues the polymerization/crosslinking reactions and is often peripheral to the actual manufacturing process, normally additives or thermal cooking is employed to control the rate of plastic curing in order to obtain a more satisfactory thermoset plastic [27]. Thermal curing is often conducted to complete the polymerization process and stabilize the polymers physical characteristics [28][29][30].…”

Section: Physical Changes In Glycerol Citrate Polyestersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thermal curing is often conducted to complete the polymerization process and stabilize the polymers physical characteristics [28][29][30]. Heat curing of plastic polymers by thermal or microwave treatments often results in polymers with distinctly different physical characteristics [27,30]. By regulating the speed by which plastic polymer hardens and sets, through either heating and/or curing additives plastic manufacturers increase the efficiency of their production methods [31].…”

Section: Physical Changes In Glycerol Citrate Polyestersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Instrumental Physical Analysis of Microwaved Glycerol Citrate Foams

et al. 2011

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Solid glycerol citrate polyester polymeric foams generated by microwave heating were further cured in a conventional oven at 100°C for 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 h and their physical properties were tested. Curing glycerol citrate polyesters resulted in decreased moisture content (MC), altered color, increased hydrated polymer weight loss (HWL), and increased polymer oven weight loss (OWL). Polyester polymer samples were evaluated for firmness and springiness employing a texture analyzer (Model TA/TX2i). Oven curing increased polymer firmness and springiness. For example, firmness and springiness in 48 h cured samples increased 202 and 143%, respectively, when compared to uncured controls. High correlations were found comparing OWL, MC, HWL, firmness, and springiness. Compression molded samples obtained from ground cured and non-cured polymers were evaluated for tensile strength, elongation and Young's modulus using the Instron universal test machine (Model 4201). Curing promoted higher tensile strengths and elongation but did not affect Young's modulus values. High correlations were found between springiness, firmness, tensile strength, and elongation. The texture analyzer was shown to have merit in the preliminary evaluation of the glycerol citrate polyester polymers.

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“…Unreinforced voids, also called interstitial or unwanted, are sometimes entrapped in the matrix during manufacturing, 3 while the interphase is a region of the matrix surrounding the inclusions with modified mechanical properties. This modification can be due to differential polymer curing in the proximity of the inclusions which may act as heat sinks (Palumbo and Tempesti, 1998). 4 Here, we extend and improve the FE MPUCs by:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%