On the neuronal origin of the afferents to the ciliary ganglion in cat

Toyoshima, Kiyoaki; Kawana, Etsuro; Sakai, Hisashi

doi:10.1016/0006-8993(80)90671-x

Cited by 49 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Labeled cells were ipsilaterally distributed in the AM, the EW, the ventral CG and the dorsal part of VTA. These findings generally agreed with previous observations (Sugimoto et al 1977;Loewy et al 1978;Toyoshima et al 1980).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

“…However, he described little of the synaptic organization. Furthermore, recent studies in cats using retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) have shown that OPNs are sparse within the EW, while most OPNs are located in the anteromedian nucleus (AM), the ventral central gray area (CG) and the dorsal part of the ventral tegmental area (VTA), which are in the vicinity of the EW (Sugimoto et al 1977;Loewy et al 1978;Toyoshima et al 1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantitative electromicroscope study of the oculomotor parasympathetic neurons projecting to the ciliary ganglion in cats: comparison of the synaptic (axo-somatic and axo-proximal dendritic) organization of anterior-dorsal and ventral cell groups

1996

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The synaptic organization of the oculomotor parasympathetic preganglionic neurons (OPNs), labeled retrogradely after a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injection into the ciliary ganglion, was studied in cats by electron microscopy. We divided the OPNs into two groups, anterior-dorsal (ADG) and ventral (VG) cell groups, based upon physiological studies in cats suggesting that accomodation-related OPNs are predominantly located anterior and dorsal to the somatic nuclei of the oculomotor nuclear complex (i.e., the anteromedian and Edinger-Westphal nuclei, and the ventral central gray area), while pupillo-constriction-related OPNs are predominantly located ventral to the somatic nuclei (i.e., the ventral tegmental area). The synaptic organization of these two groups was quantitatively compared, using a nested analysis of variance to determine statistical significance (P < 0.05). Partial reconstructions of the labeled somata and proximal dendrites were made from tracings of electron micrographs of every 2nd section in serial ultrathin sections that included the nucleolus or were adjacent to sections that included the nucleolus. The mean number of boutons of apposition on a reconstructed labeled soma of VG was significantly greater than that of ADG (mean +/- SD; ADG, 5.3 +/- 3.3; VG, 8.6 +/- 3.2). The mean synaptic density on a VG soma was significantly greater than on an ADG soma (mean +/- SD; ADG, 3.74 +/- 2.11 counts/100 microns2; VG, 6.30 +/- 1.99 counts/100 microns2). The mean synaptic covering ratio on a VG soma was significantly greater than on an ADG soma (mean +/- SD; ADG, 5.21 +/- 2.91%; VG, 10.14 +/- 3.76%). The mean estimated number of boutons of apposition on a VG soma was significantly greater than on an ADG soma (mean +/- SD: ADG, 53 +/- 36; VG, 100 +/- 48). Boutons were classified on the basis of the shape of their synaptic vesicles as S-type (containing spherical clear synaptic vesicles) or P-type (containing both flattened and spherical clear synaptic vesicles). The significantly greater than on an ADG soma (mean +/- SD; ADG, 0.31 +/- 0.20; VG, 0.67 +/- 0.18). The differences demonstrated in this study reinforce, morphologically, the assumption of functional localization of OPNs, and further allow us to estimate the relative characteristics of the synaptic organization of accommodation-related OPNs and pupillo-constriction-related OPNs.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 94%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative electromicroscope study of the oculomotor parasympathetic neurons projecting to the ciliary ganglion in cats: comparison of the synaptic (axo-somatic and axo-proximal dendritic) organization of anterior-dorsal and ventral cell groups

1996

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“…It is now clear that the term EW has been used to describe two distinct nuclei that differ dramatically in their patterns of connectivity and chemical signatures. This problem began to be evident when investigations of the location of preganglionic motoneurons in the cat showed that only a small portion of these cells was located within the cytoarchitecturally defined EW (Sugimoto et al, 1977;Toyoshima et al, 1980). This was quantified by Erichsen and May (2002), who showed that EW contains less than 5% of the preganglionic population.…”

Section: Developing a Rational Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 94%

Comparison of the distributions of urocortin‐containing and cholinergic neurons in the perioculomotor midbrain of the cat and macaque

May

Reiner

Ryabinin³

2008

J of Comparative Neurology

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Urocortin is a novel neurotransmitter that appears to play a role in eating and drinking behavior. Most urocortin-positive (urocortin(+)) neurons in rodents are found in the cytoarchitecturally defined Edinger-Westphal nucleus (EW). However, the EW is traditionally described as the source of the preganglionic parasympathetic outflow to the ciliary ganglion. We examined the distribution of urocortin(+) cells and motoneurons by use of immunohistochemical staining for this peptide and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in macaque monkeys, in which most preganglionic motoneurons inhabit the EW, and in cats, in which most do not. In both species, lack of overt double labeling indicated that the ChAT(+) and urocortin(+) cells are separate populations. In the monkey, most nonoculomotor ChAT(+) neurons were found within the EW. In contrast, urocortin(+) cells were distributed mainly between the oculomotor nuclei and in the supraoculomotor area. In the cat, most nonoculomotor ChAT(+) cells were located in the supraoculomotor area and anteromedian nucleus. Few were present in the cat EW. Instead, this nucleus was filled with urocortin(+) cells. These results highlight the fact the term EW has come to indicate different nuclei in different species. Consequently, we have adopted the identifiers preganglionic (EW(PG)) and urocortin-containing (EW(U)) to designate the cytoarchitecturally defined EW nuclei in monkeys and cats, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a new open-ended nomenclature for the perioculomotor (pIII) cells groups that have distinctive projections and neurochemical signatures. This will allow more effective scientific discourse on the connections and function of groups such as the periculomotor urocortin (pIII(U)) and preganglionic (pIII(PG)) populations.

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“…104, 152, 195, 239). For example, in one of the clearest cases of this mismatch, cells in the classically-defined EW of cats project to the spinal cord and cerebellum (48, 217, 218, 314, 370), while the ciliary ganglion receives its central input from a collection of preganglionic cells along the midline of the rostral mesencephalon and in the ventral tegmental area (198, 371, 399). As discussed in a recent review (195), this has led to much confusion in the literature, and it is now generally accepted that the term EW must be supplemented with a terminology based on neuronal connectivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomic Control of the Eye

McDougal

Gamlin

2014

Comprehensive Physiology

333

369

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The autonomic nervous system influences numerous ocular functions. It does this by way of parasympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia, and by way of sympathetic innervation from postganglionic fibers that originate from neurons in the superior cervical ganglion. Ciliary ganglion neurons project to the ciliary body and the sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris to control ocular accommodation and pupil constriction, respectively. Superior cervical ganglion neurons project to the dilator pupillae muscle of the iris to control pupil dilation. Ocular blood flow is controlled both via direct autonomic influences on the vasculature of the optic nerve, choroid, ciliary body, and iris, as well as via indirect influences on retinal blood flow. In mammals, this vasculature is innervated by vasodilatory fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion, and by vasoconstrictive fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. Intraocular pressure is regulated primarily through the balance of aqueous humor formation and outflow. Autonomic regulation of ciliary body blood vessels and the ciliary epithelium is an important determinant of aqueous humor formation; autonomic regulation of the trabecular meshwork and episcleral blood vessels is an important determinant of aqueous humor outflow. These tissues are all innervated by fibers from the pterygopalatine and superior cervical ganglia. In addition to these classical autonomic pathways, trigeminal sensory fibers exert local, intrinsic influences on many of these regions of the eye, as well as on some neurons within the ciliary and pterygopalatine ganglia.

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On the neuronal origin of the afferents to the ciliary ganglion in cat

Cited by 49 publications

References 21 publications

Quantitative electromicroscope study of the oculomotor parasympathetic neurons projecting to the ciliary ganglion in cats: comparison of the synaptic (axo-somatic and axo-proximal dendritic) organization of anterior-dorsal and ventral cell groups

Quantitative electromicroscope study of the oculomotor parasympathetic neurons projecting to the ciliary ganglion in cats: comparison of the synaptic (axo-somatic and axo-proximal dendritic) organization of anterior-dorsal and ventral cell groups

Comparison of the distributions of urocortin‐containing and cholinergic neurons in the perioculomotor midbrain of the cat and macaque

Autonomic Control of the Eye

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