On the Nature of the Mother-Infant Tie and Its Interaction With Freudian Drives

Kirsch, Michael; Buchholz, Michael B.

doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00317

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 180 publications

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“…Now you really want to see that person again! The drive for sex and the drive for relatedness conflate making it complicated to start having sex with someone who is not right for (Johnson, 2008;Kirsch and Mertens, 2018;Kirsch and Buchholz, 2020). (Watt, 2017) you.…”

Section: How Drives Switch On and Offmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The drive terminates with a huge upsurge in serotonin ( Kirsch and Mertens, 2018 ; Kirsch, 2019 ). Occupation of the receptor 5-HT 2C on tonically bfiring neurons leads to an inhibition of dopamine release ( Kirsch and Buchholz, 2020 ). With the drive terminated, often another takes its place ( Table 1 —Drive, hormone).…”

Section: The Five Sources Of Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drive, instinct, reflex—Applications to treatment of anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders

et al. 2022

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The neuropsychoanalytic approach solves important aspects of how to use our understanding of the brain to treat patients. We describe the neurobiology underlying motivation for healthy behaviors and psychopathology. We have updated Freud’s original concepts of drive and instinct using neuropsychoanalysis in a way that conserves his insights while adding information that is of use in clinical treatment. Drive (Trieb) is a pressure to act on an internal stimulus. It has a motivational energic source, an aim, an object, and is terminated by the satisfaction of a surge of serotonin. An instinct (Instinkt) is an inherited pattern of behavior that varies little from species to species. Drives are created by internal/ventral brain factors. Instincts require input from the outside that arrive through dorsal brain structures. In our model unpleasure is the experience of unsatisfied drives while pleasure if fueled by a propitious human environment. Motivational concepts can be used guide clinical work. Sometimes what had previously described psychoanalytically as, “Internal conflict,” can be characterized neurobiologically as conflicts between different motivational systems. These motivational systems inform treatment of anxiety and depression, addiction in general and specific problems of opioid use disorder. Our description of motivation in addictive illness shows that the term, “reward system,” is incorrect, eliminating a source of stigmatizing addiction by suggesting that it is hedonistic. Understanding that motivational systems that have both psychological and brain correlates can be a basis for treating various disorders. Over many papers the authors have described the biology of drives, instincts, unpleasure and pleasure. We will start with a summary of our work, then show its clinical application.

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Section: How Drives Switch On and Offmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Five Sources Of Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drive, instinct, reflex—Applications to treatment of anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders

et al. 2022

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“…Freud was probably unable to use the term "hormone, " which would have been appropriate for this proclamation because this term was coined in that same year by Starling (1905, p. 340). 5 Inspired by Freud's view to respect hormones as principle driving force of his drives, it was possible to link motor factors with known hormones (Kirsch and Mertens, 2018;Kirsch and Buchholz, 2020). The (imperative) motor factors address (not only one but) a variety of brain areas that were important for a specific drive activity (Kirsch, 2019).…”

Section: Biochemical Research Related To Freud's General Notions Abou...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“Death drive” scientifically reconsidered: Not a drive but a collection of trauma-induced auto-addictive diseases

Kirsch

Dimitrijević²,

Buchholz³

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Over the last 102 years, a lot of discussion was being held about the psychoanalytic conception of the “death drive,” but still with inconclusive results. In this paper, we start with a brief review of Freud’s conception, followed by a comprised overview of its subsequent support or criticisms. The core of our argument is a systematic review of current biochemical research about two proposed manifestations of the “death drive,” which could hopefully move the discussion to the realm of science. It was already established that drive satisfaction leads to the secretion of beta-endorphins, and research evidence also shows that the same biochemical mechanisms get activated in the case of masochism and the gambling disorder but only if they are preceded by chronic frustration of the essential drives. We conclude that the actual situation is more complex than Freud hypothesized, and that a fundamental revision of the psychoanalytic drive theory is necessary.

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“…If one of these three, dopamine, oxytocin, or endogenous opioid, is blocked, there is no cathexis. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is responsible for processing attachment (Kirsch and Buchholz, 2020 ).…”

Section: Neuropsychoanalytic Understanding Of Relatedness and Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the exception of benzodiazepines, all drugs with addictive potential have the capability to induce the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the nucleus accumbens ( Table 2 ), i.e., a core region of the SEEKING system. An increased level of 5-hydroxytryptamine decreased Freudian drives by decreasing the dopaminergic tone and attachment urges by releasing beta-endorphin (Kirsch and Buchholz, 2020 ). Hence, drug-addicted individuals complain of insomnia, they lose weight, and they favor drugs over relationships, even with partners and children.…”

Section: Neuropsychoanalytic Understanding Of Relatedness and Of Addictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drive and Instinct—How They Produce Relatedness and Addiction

et al. 2021

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Addictive drugs are responsible for mass killing. Neither persons with addiction nor the general populace seem conscious of the malevolence of governments and drug dealers working together. How could this be? What is the place of psychoanalysis in thinking about deaths from addiction and in responding to patients with addiction? To answer these questions, we revise concepts of SEEKING, drive, instinct, pleasure, and unpleasure as separable. We review the neurobiological mechanism of cathexis. We discuss how addictive drugs take over the will by changing the SEEKING system. We review how opioid tone in the central nervous system regulates human relationships and how this endogenous hormonal system is modified by external opioid administration. We differentiate the pleasure of relatedness from the unpleasure of urgent need including the urgent need for drugs. We show how addictive drug-induced changes in the SEEKING system diminish dopaminergic tone, reducing the motivation to engage in the pursuit of food, water, sex, sleep, and relationships in favor of addictive drugs. With this neuropsychoanalytic understanding of how drugs work, we become more confidently conscious of our ability to respond individually and socially.

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On the Nature of the Mother-Infant Tie and Its Interaction With Freudian Drives

Abstract: The affective bond between an infant and its caregiver, the so-called mother-infant tie, was analyzed by various reputable psychologists (

Cited by 14 publications

References 180 publications

Drive, instinct, reflex—Applications to treatment of anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders

Drive, instinct, reflex—Applications to treatment of anxiety, depressive and addictive disorders

“Death drive” scientifically reconsidered: Not a drive but a collection of trauma-induced auto-addictive diseases

Drive and Instinct—How They Produce Relatedness and Addiction

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