On the natural variety of mankind, third ed. 1795.

Abstract

Three other specimens by which, although they are partly deformed on purpose and partly by disease, the norma verticalis still is well elucidated. 14. Caucasian. Turk, de Asch. 15. Mongolian. Calmuck (Dec. n. Tab. xiv.), de Asch. 16. Ethiopian. Ethiop. (Dec. II. Tab. xvn.), de Asch. Three skulls of infants, clearly demonstrating the norma verticalis. 17. Caucasian. Jewish girl (Dec. in. Tab. xxvni.). 18. Mongolian. Burat girl (Dec. in. Tab. xxix.), de Asch. 19. Ethiopian. New-born Ethiop. (Dec. in. Tab. xxx.), Billmann, Cassel surgeon. Specimens remarkable for the manifest transitions by which they connect the different varieties of mankind. These hold a middle place between the Caucasian and Mongolian. 20. Skull of a Cossack of the Don (Dec. I. Tab. iv.), de Asch. 21. Kirgis-Cossack (Dec. n. Tab. xni.), de Asch. 22. Another of the same, de Asch. These between the Caucasian and Ethiopian. 23. Egyptian mummy (Dec. i. Tab. i.). 24. Genuine Zingari (Dec. n. Tab. n.), Pataki, physician of Claudinopolis. These between the Mongolian and American. 25. 26. Esquimaux (Dec. in. Tabb. xxiv. xxv.), Jo. Loretz. Skulls deformed by particular arts in infancy. 27. Macrocephalic, probably Tartar (Dec. I. Tab. in.), de Asch. 28. Carib female (Dec. in. Tab. xx.), Banks.

“Racial realism II: Are folk races real?”

“…Furthermore, when we do, we will see that few (if any) of them count as minimalist races. With respect to Blumenbach's races and UNESCO's three major races, it's important to highlight that these race terms were defined entirely with easily observable features (Blumenbach, /2000, 28–29; UNESCO, , 243) . Thus, it should not be surprising that many of these races do not actually possess a common ancestry that's peculiar to the members of the group, which is condition (C2).…”

“…For instance, Blumenbach (/1865, 266) defined “Ethiopian” as picking out the group of people distinguished by “black” skin color, “black and curly” hair, “thick” noses, “very puffy” lips, and so forth. As such, Blumenbach (/1865, 275) did not just include Sub‐Saharan Africans in the Ethiopian race but also, at least, the Melanesians (esp. the Papuans and Ni‐Vanuatu) and Aboriginal Australians .…”

“…Next, let's take a look at Blumenbach's Malay race. According to Blumenbach (/1865, 266, 275), “Malay” picks out Filipinos, Chamorros, Maluku Islanders, Sunda Islanders, Native Hawaiians, Tongans, Rapa Nui, Malagasy, Tahitians, Peninsular Malaysians, Mergui Islanders, and any other people with “Tawny‐coloured” skin, “black” hair, etc., who “use the Malay idiom” (a.k.a. any Malayo‐Polynesian language), such as any other people indigenous to Polynesia or Micronesia .…”

“…They tend to have Asian eyelids, light to moderately pigmented skin, hair that's black and straight, etc . In fact, due to the strong similarity in racial features, Blumenbach (/1865, 266) classified North American “Esquimaux” with Mongolians instead of Americans. In any case, the point is that there was a time period in Native Americans' past when they violated (C1).…”

“…do not count as Malay. Instead, due to their Sub‐Saharan African morphological features, Blumenbach (/1865, 275) classified these people with Ethiopians.…”