On the modelling of an Acid/Base Flow Battery: An innovative electrical energy storage device based on pH and salinity gradients

Culcasi, Andrea; Gurreri, Luigi; Zaffora, Andrea; Cosenza, Alessandro; Tamburini, Alessandro; Micale, Giorgio Domenico Maria

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115576

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…To evaluate the feasibility of the ABFB technology at larger scale, we performed a sensitivity analysis with a large-scale multi-stage (battery stacks hydraulically in series) ABFB under different scenarios, especially focusing on the effect of the number of battery stacks in series. The ABFB was simulated by using the process model previously developed and validated against laboratory experimental data by Culcasi et al [ 35 ]. This model requires electrochemical and transport properties of the membranes as input parameters, and can predict the behavior and performance of the ABFB for different geometrical configurations and operating conditions as output.…”

Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The modelling tool has distributed parameters and is based on a hierarchical simulation strategy (multi-scale approach [ 35 ]), which can be briefly described as follows. The lowest level of simulation is represented by a single channel, where the model computes the physical properties of the electrolyte solutions, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) correlations are used to calculate concentration polarization phenomena and pressure losses.…”

Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present work, we have assumed only once-through operations with negligible pressure drops in the external circuit. For the sake of brevity, only the main modeling results and the definition of output variables are reported in this work, while a more detailed mathematical description of the model can be found in Reference [ 35 ].…”

Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, additional energy losses by parasitic currents (also known as shortcut currents [ 32 ], shunt currents [ 31 , 33 ], or leakage currents [ 34 ]) through the manifolds need to be taken into account in the stack [ 31 ]. This aspect was highlighted by Culcasi et al, who modeled ABFB systems predicting a loss in round-trip efficiency in the range of 25–35% due to parasitic currents [ 35 ]. More recently, Zaffora et al investigated the ABFB under different conditions of acid–base concentration (focusing on the discharge phase, similarly to Pretz and Staude [ 27 ]), and reported a maximum power density of 17 W/m 2 , and energy density of 10 kWh/m 3 (1 M HCl-NaOH, at 100 A/m 2 current density during discharge) [ 36 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

Pärnamäe¹,

Gurreri

Post³

et al. 2020

Membranes

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The increasing share of renewables in electric grids nowadays causes a growing daily and seasonal mismatch between electricity generation and demand. In this regard, novel energy storage systems need to be developed, to allow large-scale storage of the excess electricity during low-demand time, and its distribution during peak demand time. Acid–base flow battery (ABFB) is a novel and environmentally friendly technology based on the reversible water dissociation by bipolar membranes, and it stores electricity in the form of chemical energy in acid and base solutions. The technology has already been demonstrated at the laboratory scale, and the experimental testing of the first 1 kW pilot plant is currently ongoing. This work aims to describe the current development and the perspectives of the ABFB technology. In particular, we discuss the main technical challenges related to the development of battery components (membranes, electrolyte solutions, and stack design), as well as simulated scenarios, to demonstrate the technology at the kW–MW scale. Finally, we present an economic analysis for a first 100 kW commercial unit and suggest future directions for further technology scale-up and commercial deployment.

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Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Simulation Of Upscaled Scenarios For Technology Demonstramentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

Pärnamäe¹,

Gurreri

Post³

et al. 2020

Membranes

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“…In Table 1, an overview of literature data on BMRED systems is reported. In a previous work, we developed a mathematical model of the acid/base flow battery [57]. The sensitivity analysis performed by the process model showed that, at high numbers of repeating units, parasitic currents were the most detrimental among the unwanted phenomena.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

et al. 2020

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Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis (BMRED) can be used to produce electricity exploiting acid-base neutralization, thus representing a valuable route in reusing waste streams. The present work investigates the performance of a lab-scale BMRED module under several operating conditions. By feeding the stack with 1 M HCl and NaOH streams, a maximum power density of ~17 W m−2 was obtained at 100 A m−2 with a 10-triplet stack with a flow velocity of 1 cm s−1, while an energy density of ~10 kWh m−3 acid could be extracted by a complete neutralization. Parasitic currents along feed and drain manifolds significantly affected the performance of the stack when equipped with a higher number of triplets. The apparent permselectivity at 1 M acid and base decreased from 93% with the five-triplet stack to 54% with the 38-triplet stack, which exhibited lower values (~35% less) of power density. An important role may be played also by the presence of NaCl in the acidic and alkaline solutions. With a low number of triplets, the added salt had almost negligible effects. However, with a higher number of triplets it led to a reduction of 23.4–45.7% in power density. The risk of membrane delamination is another aspect that can limit the process performance. However, overall, the present results highlight the high potential of BMRED systems as a productive way of neutralizing waste solutions for energy harvesting.

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High‐Performance Flow Alkali‐Al/Acid Hybrid Fuel Cell for High‐Rate H₂ Generation

Zhang

Cai

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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Hydrogen (H 2 ) has been utilized as a versatile feedstock or promising energy carrier in a variety of fields, yet the implementation of high-rate H 2 production presents a grand challenge for its readily accessible application. Herein, a newly alkali-Al/acid hybrid fuel cell (3AHFC) that shows the capability of rapidly producing H 2 upon delivering a considerably high energy density is reported, which is set up by paring Al anode in alkaline anolyte with acidic catholyte and a relatively cheap nanohybrid of Ru nanoparticle decorating crumpled reduced graphene oxide (Ru/c-rGO) as cathode catalysts. It is demonstrated that the 3AHFC can release a power density of up to 240.6 mW cm −2 with a Faradic efficiency of approaching 99% for fast H 2 generation (300 mA cm −2 ). Such hybrid electrolyte H 2 -generation fuel cell can also be extended for either seawater anolyte or metallic Mg anode, presenting great promise for the practice feasibility of on-site H 2 production for applications in tough or even extreme environments.

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On the modelling of an Acid/Base Flow Battery: An innovative electrical energy storage device based on pH and salinity gradients

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

High‐Performance Flow Alkali‐Al/Acid Hybrid Fuel Cell for High‐Rate H₂ Generation

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On the modelling of an Acid/Base Flow Battery: An innovative electrical energy storage device based on pH and salinity gradients

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

The Acid–Base Flow Battery: Sustainable Energy Storage via Reversible Water Dissociation with Bipolar Membranes

Energy Harvesting by Waste Acid/Base Neutralization via Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis

High‐Performance Flow Alkali‐Al/Acid Hybrid Fuel Cell for High‐Rate H2 Generation

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

High‐Performance Flow Alkali‐Al/Acid Hybrid Fuel Cell for High‐Rate H₂ Generation