On the mode of action of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu�rin: in vitro characterization of BCG-activated killer cells

Böhle, Andreas; Thanhäuser, A.; Ulmer, Artur J.; Mattern, Taila; Ernst, Martin; Flad, Hans‐Dieter; Jocham, Dieter

doi:10.1007/bf00571848

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…238 The mode of action is based on stimulation of the local immune response. 239,240 The immune responses to malignant and virally transformed cells are similar. 241,242 Therefore, topical bacillus Calumette-Guérin treatment has been attempted in the treatment of venereal warts.…”

Section: -Fluorouracil (5-fu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Lipke¹

2006

Clinical Medicine & Research

282

295

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Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).Warts appear in various forms on different sites of the body and include common warts (verruca vulgaris), plane or flat warts, myrmecia, plantar warts, coalesced mosaic warts, filiform warts, periungual warts, anogenital warts (venereal or condyloma acuminata), oral warts and respiratory papillomas. Cervical infection with HPV is now known to cause cervical cancer if untreated. A review of the medical literature reveals a huge armamentarium of wart monotherapies and combination therapies. Official evidence-based guidelines exist for the treatment of warts, but very few of the reported treatments have been tested by rigorous blinded, randomized controlled trials.Therefore, official recommendations do not often include treatments with reportedly high success rates, but they should not be ignored when considering treatment options. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive overview of the wart treatment literature to expand awareness of the options available to practitioners faced with patients presenting with problematic warts. Warts of the genital tract carry a much more ominous and pernicious threat for women in particular. It has been estimated that up to 70% of sexually active women become infected during their lifetime with human papillomavirus (HPV), the infective agent that causes warts. 3-5 A causal role for HPV infections in cervical cancer has been documented beyond reasonable doubt. HPV DNA is present in virtually all cervical cancer cases worldwide, with it being detected in 99.7% of an international series of cervical cancers by genetic amplification techniques and in 100% of cases as confirmed by histological review. 6,7 Cervical cancer is the most frequent common cancer in developing countries and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. 3 The association between HPV infection and cervical cancer is so strong that HPV is now considered the first positive cause of any human cancer ever identified. 3This raises the level of concerns over HPV prevention, screening and treatment from that of a nuisance condition to that of a major public health concern. Attention is beginning to focus on the viral factors that determine persistence and neoplastic progression to cancer and the possible role of HPV in other nongenital cancers (e.g., skin, upper aerodigestive tract). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Patients with warts seek advice from general practitioners, pharmacists, naturopaths, allied health professionals, family or friends, dermatologists, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians for treatment and may present with recalcitrant warts that have been previously treated with anything from folk remedies to hypnosis to over-the-counter medications to more aggressive clinic-based treatments. Unfortunately, even with years of medical literature on this subject, high-quality, level I evidence for the efficacy of almost all treatments is no...

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Section: -Fluorouracil (5-fu)mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Lipke¹

2006

Clinical Medicine & Research

282

295

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“…1), the amplification of nonspecific inflammatory response limited to the activation of phagocytes and vascular leakage does not promote the destruction of PDTtreated tumors. In contrast to FIA, BCG treatment triggers a more complex release of immunoregulatory cytokines and other mediators, elicits the engagement of both myeloid and lymphoid immune cells and directly stimulates cell-mediated immunity (24,25,(28)(29)(30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, these observations may reflect solely on the immunological reaction against mycobacterium virulence. The effects implicated in specific antitumoral action of BCG are the activation of macrophages and dendritic cells and associated enhancement of tumor antigen presentation (26,27) as well as the activation of T lymphocytes or lymphoid killer cells (24,(28)(29)(30).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Photodynamic Therapy and BCG Immunotherapy Responsible for the Reduced Recurrence of Treated Mouse Tumors¶

Korbelik¹,

Sun²,

Posakony³

2007

Photochemistry and Photobiology

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Subcutaneous mouse EMT6 tumors were treated by individual or combined regimens of a single Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine administration and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Six clinically relevant photosensitizers characterized by different action mechanisms were used: Photofrin, benzoporphyrin derivative, tetra(m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (foscan), mono‐l‐aspartyl‐chlorin e6, lutetium texaphyrin or zinc phthalocyanine. Irrespective of the type of photosensitizer used, the optimized BCG protocols improved the cure rate of PDT‐treated tumors. This indicates that the interaction does not take place during the early phase of tumor ablation but at later events involved in preventing tumor recurrence. Beneficial effects on tumor cure were observed even when the BCG injection was delayed to 7 days after PDT. The accumulation of activated myeloid cells that markedly increases in tumors treated by Photofrin‐based PDT was not additionally affected by BCG treatment. However, the incidence of immune memory T cells in tumor‐draining lymph nodes that almost doubled at 6 days after Photofrin‐PDT further increased close to three‐fold with adjuvant BCG. This suggests that BCG immunotherapy amplifies the T‐lymphocyte–mediated immune response against PDT‐treated tumors. Since both these modalities are established for the treatment of superficial bladder carcinomas, use of their combination for this condition should be clinically tested.

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“…Further characterization of phenotype BAK-effector cells was consequently the next step in our studies [69, 70]. It is well known that LAK-cells have a maximum cytotoxicity after 2–3 days of stimulation with IL-2 [71].…”

Section: In Vitro Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

BCG’s Mechanism of Action – Increasing our Understanding

Böhle

2000

Eur Urol

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On the mode of action of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu�rin: in vitro characterization of BCG-activated killer cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Interaction Between Photodynamic Therapy and BCG Immunotherapy Responsible for the Reduced Recurrence of Treated Mouse Tumors¶

BCG’s Mechanism of Action – Increasing our Understanding

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On the mode of action of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu�rin: in vitro characterization of BCG-activated killer cells

Cited by 14 publications

References 30 publications

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Interaction Between Photodynamic Therapy and BCG Immunotherapy Responsible for the Reduced Recurrence of Treated Mouse Tumors¶

BCG&rsquo;s Mechanism of Action &ndash; Increasing our Understanding

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Product

Resources

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BCG’s Mechanism of Action – Increasing our Understanding