“…[1][2][3] At these frequencies, the microstrip antenna is the largest component and its miniaturisation is one of the most important current challenges for designers of communicating objects. However, many miniaturisation techniques such as high permittivity substrate, 4,5 dielectric loading, 6 shorting pins, 7 and slots 8 have been applied in the past to miniaturise the size, but these techniques bring additional side effects such as shift in resonance frequency, reduction in efficiency, gain, bandwidth etc. and have not been very successful in their intended requirement.…”