On the Metabolic Detoxication of Thymol in Rabbit and Man

Agata, Isao; Sakamoto, Mieko; Yagi, Naomi; Hayashi, Nobuyuki

doi:10.2131/jts.4.341

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This particular enzyme is considered to have protective role against chemical mutagens (Lam and Zheng, 1991). Absorption kinetics and metabolism of the major component of the oil, carvacrol after per os administration in rats, rabbits and dogs has been previously reported (Austgulen et al, 1987;Williams, 1959;Schroder and Vollmer, 1932), while the same parameters have been studied for thymol (Austgulen et al, 1987;Takada et al, 1979;Williams, 1959;Robbins, 1934) showing considerable similarities between them.…”

Section: Safety and Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 89%

Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Liolios

Graikou

Skaltsa

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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Section: Safety and Pharmacologymentioning

confidence: 89%

Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Liolios

Graikou

Skaltsa

et al. 2010

Journal of Ethnopharmacology

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“…The absence of thymol glucuronide in plasma could be due to the lower activity of hepatic UGT compared to sulfotransferase and the formation of glucuronide was shown only at much higher doses (Ogata et al, 1995). In healthy human volunteers, thymol (0.6 g/kg) was metabolized to thymol sulfate, thymol glucronide and thymol thymohydroquinone sulfate and it was excreted in urine (Takada et al, 1979). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The renal clearance was calculated to be 0.271 ± 0.7 L/h (Kohlert et al, 2002). Takada et al (1979) studied the metabolism of thymol in rabbits and humans, wherein thymol (0.5 g/kg) fed to rabbits metabolized to thymol glucuronide as the main metabolite of thymol and eliminated as glucuronic acid and sulfuric acid metabolites (Takada et al, 1979). Austgulen et al (1987) reported the rapid excretion of thymol and its metabolites in the urine of male albino Wistar rats after thymol was dosed by gavage (1 mM/kg) as analyzed by capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

et al. 2017

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Thymol, chemically known as 2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol is a colorless crystalline monoterpene phenol. It is one of the most important dietary constituents in thyme species. For centuries, it has been used in traditional medicine and has been shown to possess various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antispasmodic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiseptic and antitumor activities. The present article presents a detailed review of the scientific literature which reveals the pharmacological properties of thymol and its multiple therapeutic actions against various cardiovascular, neurological, rheumatological, gastrointestinal, metabolic and malignant diseases at both biochemical and molecular levels. The noteworthy effects of thymol are largely attributed to its anti-inflammatory (via inhibiting recruitment of cytokines and chemokines), antioxidant (via scavenging of free radicals, enhancing the endogenous enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and chelation of metal ions), antihyperlipidemic (via increasing the levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreasing the levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol in the circulation and membrane stabilization) (via maintaining ionic homeostasis) effects. This review presents an overview of the current in vitro and in vivo data supporting thymol’s therapeutic activity and the challenges concerning its use for prevention and its therapeutic value as a dietary supplement or as a pharmacological agent or as an adjuvant along with current therapeutic agents for the treatment of various diseases. It is one of the potential candidates of natural origin that has shown promising therapeutic potential, pharmacological properties and molecular mechanisms as well as pharmacokinetic properties for the pharmaceutical development of thymol.

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“…In species such as rabbits, pigs, rodents and humans there is a fairly good number of studies on THY absorption, digestion, metabolism, excretion and bioavailability, which provide valuable background information in the context of the nutrition of monogastric animals in general. However, these studies have been conducted in acute administration and provided short-term data regarding the permanence of these compounds and/or their derivatives in the animal body [29][30][31][32][33]. On the contrary, as stated previously, application protocols proposed in animal nutrition involve chronic supplementation of these compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of thymol dietary supplementation in quail (Coturnix japonica): Linking bioavailability, effects on egg yolk total fatty acids and performance traits

et al. 2019

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Phytogenic additives such as thymol are encountering growing interest in the poultry industry. However, there are still questions concerning dynamics of their bioavailability, biological action, optimal dosage and duration of supplementation needed to achieve meaningful effects, as well as persistence of induced changes after supplement withdrawal. We studied the link between the dynamics of free thymol concentration and the changes in fatty acids composition in quail egg yolk, both during a month-long chronic dietary supplementation and after 3 weeks of supplement withdrawal (post-supplementation). Fifty, 85 days-old, female quail of homogeneous body weights (251±1g) in egg-laying peak were used. To evaluate potential dose-dependent effects, three increasing doses 2, 4, and 6.25 g of thymol/kg of feed (THY2, THY4 and THY6, respectively) and two controls were evaluated (n = 10). In parallel, we assessed the concomitant changes in free thymol excretion, potential liver histopathological changes, and birds´ performance traits. Egg yolk and droppings show a dose-dependent increase in THY concentration after 9 days of supplementation and a decrease after post-supplementation. In egg yolk, these changes were accompanied by reduced saturated fatty acid concentrations achieved by 28 days of supplementation in THY2 and 14 days of supplementation in THY4 and THY6. However, after post-supplementation the aforementioned effect disappeared in THY2 but not in THY4 and THY6. While THY2 failed to increase polyunsaturated fatty acids, THY4 and THY6 increased polyunsaturated fatty acids by day 14 of supplementation and remained increased after post-supplementation. Fatty acids changes induced by thymol are consistent with improved nutritional quality of eggs. No treatment effects were observed in liver histopathology and female performance. Findings suggest that both dose of thymol and duration of supplementation modulate thymol and fatty acids concentrations in egg yolk and thymol concentration in droppings. Furthermore, the persistence of those effects after post-supplementation period is also a dose-dependent phenomenon.

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On the Metabolic Detoxication of Thymol in Rabbit and Man

Cited by 25 publications

References 5 publications

Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Dittany of Crete: A botanical and ethnopharmacological review

Pharmacological Properties and Molecular Mechanisms of Thymol: Prospects for Its Therapeutic Potential and Pharmaceutical Development

Dynamics of thymol dietary supplementation in quail (Coturnix japonica): Linking bioavailability, effects on egg yolk total fatty acids and performance traits

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