On the mechanism of non-electrolyte permeation through lipid bilayers and through biomembranes

Gier, J. De; Mandersloot, J.G.; Hupkes, J.V.; McElhaney, Ronald N.; Beek, Wim P. Van

doi:10.1016/0005-2736(71)90160-x

Cited by 121 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…This is in marked contrast to the behavior of the DMPC liposomes and the reconstituted DMPC/ATPase proteoliposomes used in this study, as well as vesicles made from A. laidlawii membrane lipids (7,24) and of a number of synthetic lipid vesicles described in the literature (3,6,23,25,27,40), all of which exhibit considerable leakiness at temperatures in the vicinity of their gel-liquid crystalline phase transitions. In fact, at low temperatures (0 to 4°C), isopalmitate acyl chain-homogeneous A. Iaidlawii B cells also maintain a similar permeability barrier, even though under such conditions their membrane lipids are now known to form quasi-crystalline, subgel-like phases (34 These results (after correction for the possible Na+/Na+ exchange) also suggest that at 37°C, the transport process requires about 1 mol of ATP per mol of sodium transported.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Characterization of sodium transport in Acholeplasma laidlawii B cells and in lipid vesicles containing purified A. laidlawii (Na+-Mg2+)-ATPase by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 22Na tracer techniques

et al. 1988

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The active transport of sodium ions in live Acholesplasma laidlawii B cells and in lipid vesicles containing the (Na+-Mg2e)-ATPase from the plasma membrane of this microorganism was studied by 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic and 22Na tracer techniques, respectively. In live A. laidlawii B cells, the transport of sodium was an active process id which metabolic energy was harnessed for the extrusion of sodium ions against a concentration gradient. The process was inhibited by low temperatures and by the formation of gel state lipid in the plasma membrane of this organism. In reconstituted proteoliposomes containing the purified (Na+-Mg2e)-ATPase, the hydrolysis Of ATP was accompanied by the transport of sodium ions into the lipid vesicles, and the transport process was impaired by reagents known to inhibit ATPase activity. At the normal growth temperature (37°C), this transport process required a maximum of 1 mol of ATP per mol of sodium ion transported. Together, these results provide direct experimental evidence that the (Na'-Mg2+)-ATPase of the Acholeplasma laidlawii B membrane is the cation pump which maintains the low levels of intracellular sodium characteristic of this microorganism.The maintenance of low levels of intracellular sodium ions appears to be an almost universal requirement of living cells (38,39). In most cases this requirement is met by the use of specialized cation pumps which harness metabolic energy to transport sodium ions, usually against a steep concentration gradient (13,21,22). Furthermore, such ion pumps tend to be an integral part of the osmoregulatory mechanism of the cell, since the movement of cations like sodium is often coupled with the movement of water, protons, other cations (especially potassium), and sometimes amino acids and other permeants (15). In the case of mycoplasmas like Acholeplasma laidlawii B, a small cell wall-less procaryote containing a single limiting or plasma membrane, the functioning of ion pumps and the other parts of their osmoregulatory mechanism is critical to their viability (16,33). These cells are usually osmotically fragile and tend to swell and eventually lyse whenever the activity of the ion pumps is impaired, either directly by inhibitors or indirectly by interruption of the supply of metabolic energy (19,38). The small size and osmotic fragility of organisms like Acholeplasma laidlawii B have so far precluded the use of traditional nondestructive methods for observing sodium transport and monitoring their internal levels of sodium ions. However, with the recent discovery of somne paramagnetic shift reagents for 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (5, 13, 28-30), noninvasive monitoring of sodium transport and internal sodium is now feasible. In this report, we describe the use of NMR spectroscopy to characterize sodium transport in live A. laidlawii B cells.Previous studies (see references 16,17,18,35,36,37, and references cited thereit) have identified and characterized an Mg2+-dependent, Na+-stimulated ATPase activ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Characterization of sodium transport in Acholeplasma laidlawii B cells and in lipid vesicles containing purified A. laidlawii (Na+-Mg2+)-ATPase by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 22Na tracer techniques

et al. 1988

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“…The activation energy for water diffusion (termed E~) across a bilayer membrane may be expressed as the sum of two terms: the energy required for a water molecule to break the four hydrogen bonds formed with neighboring water molecules (termed E~w); and, a nonhydrogen bond term (termed E]w), representing the energy required for water diffusion within the membrane [8,[38][39][40]. The activation energy for nonelectrolyte diffusion (termed E~) across a bilayer membrane may be rationalized in terms of the same processes [12,14], with EA u" and E~ S representing the components of E~ due, respectively, to rupture of hydrogen bonds in solution and diffusion within the membrane. Based on an analysis of water and solute permeation in liposomes, Cohen [8] In cortical collecting tubules, the ADH-dependent activation energies for water and solute permeation were, respectively, 8.9 and 16.6-19.6 kcal per mole (Tables 3-5).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of antidiuretic hormone on water and solute permeation, and the activation energies for these processes, in mammalian cortical collecting tubules

et al. 1977

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Summary. The present studies were designed to assess the ways in which antidiuretic hormone (ADH) alters water and solute permeation across isolated, rabbit cortical collecting tubules. In earlier work, it was observed: that ADH produced a tenfold increment in P/(cm per sec), the osmotic water permeability coefficient, and a fourfold increment in PD~ (cm per sec), the diffusional water permeability coefficient; that small hydrophilic solutes such as urea, thiourea and acetamide (each having oil/water partition coefficients __< 0.0008) had vanishingly low permeation coefficients and unity reflection coefficients, even in the presence of ADH; that lumen to bath osmosis involved a transcellular route; and, that the disparity between Ps and Po~, either with or without ADH, could be rationalized in terms of cellular diffusion constraints, i.e., that water transport across luminal membranes was diffusionat.The present experiments evaluated the effects of ADH on diffusion of moderately lipophilic solutes (e.g., butyramide, isobutyramide, and antipyrine, each solute having an oil/water partition > 0.0008) across luminal membranes of rabbit cortical collecting tubules, and the effects of ADH on the apparent activation energies (EA, kcal per mole) for water and solute permeation across these tubules. Three major results were obtained: (1) ADH produced a 60-100 ~ increase in the permeation rates for these solutes. (2) The ADH-dependent apparent E A for water permeation was 9.35_+0.92 kcal per mole, and the ADH-dependent apparent E A for permeation of moderately lipophilic solutes was in the range 15.8-19.6 kcal per mole. (3) The ADH-independent E A values for these transport processes were statistically indistinguishable from the ADH-dependent E A values.When viewed in the context of transport mechanisms for water and solute permeation across synthetic lipid bilayer membrane systems, these results are consistent with the possibility that diffusion of water and moderately lipophilic solutes across mammalian collecting tubules may involve parallel sites in luminal plasma membranes: routes for water diffusion

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“…This technique has been used to study the swelling of erythrocytes in glycerol (Stein, 1962), E. coli in lactose (West, 1970) and erythritol (Mitchell & Moyle, 1956), and liposomes in various non-electrolytes (Bangham, De Gier & Greville, 1967;De Gier, Mandersloot & Van Deenen, 1968). Nonelectrolyte permeation in Acholeplasma laidlawii B and derived liposomes suspended in sucrose solution has been studied by measuring initial swelling rates following addition of permeant solution at the same tonicity as the sucrose solution (McElhaney, De Gier & Van Deenen, 1970;De Gier et al, 1971;McElhaney, De Gier & Van Der Neut-Kok, 1973;Read & McElhaney, 1975;Van Zoelen et al, 1975). Acholeplasma laidlawii B behaves as an ideal osmometer over a considerable range of permeant concentrations and the initial swelling rate is linearly proportional to permeant concentration, as expected for a passive diffusional process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometric Assay of Glycerol Permeation in Escherichia coli: Applicability and Limitations

Eze

McElhaney

1978

Journal of General Microbiology

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The passive permeation and facilitated diffusion of glycerol in various strains of Escherichia coli have been studied by stopped-flow spectrophotometry. Contrary to the prediction for glycerol entry by simple diffusion, the reciprocal relaxation time ( 1 /~, s-l) for the passive permeation of glycerol in cells grown in the presence of glucose was not constant but decreased as the glycerol concentration increased above 100 mM. This anomaly was not due to refractive index differences or to the presence of residual levels of the glycerol facilitator protein in non-induced cells. Although reciprocal relaxation times for glycerolinduced E. coli exhibited the expected elevation relative to non-induced cells, a similar anomalous decrease of 1 / T (s -l) with increasing glycerol concentration was observed. In addition, at early times after suspension in dilute buffer, the 1/7 (s-l) values obtained for induced or non-induced E. coli swelling in glycerol were considerably greater than for organisms incubated in dilute buffer for longer times. We concluded that either this spectrophotometric technique was not monitoring solely the permeation of glycerol into E. coli, or concentrations of glycerol above 100 mM significantly perturbed the strbcture of the E. coli cell envelope.

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On the mechanism of non-electrolyte permeation through lipid bilayers and through biomembranes

Cited by 121 publications

References 12 publications

Characterization of sodium transport in Acholeplasma laidlawii B cells and in lipid vesicles containing purified A. laidlawii (Na+-Mg2+)-ATPase by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 22Na tracer techniques

Characterization of sodium transport in Acholeplasma laidlawii B cells and in lipid vesicles containing purified A. laidlawii (Na+-Mg2+)-ATPase by using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 22Na tracer techniques

Effect of antidiuretic hormone on water and solute permeation, and the activation energies for these processes, in mammalian cortical collecting tubules

Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometric Assay of Glycerol Permeation in Escherichia coli: Applicability and Limitations

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