On the mechanism of iron reduction from alkaline solutions

Gorbunova, K.M.; Liamina, L.I.

doi:10.1016/0013-4686(66)80023-3

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The electrolytic iron production was then mainly investigated considering the alkaline conditions. However, little attention has been paid to this process mostly due to the doubtful mechanism of reduction to Fe (Gorbunova and Liamina, 1966). Until now, questions about the relatively low electrolysis temperature (≈100 °C), insulating properties of Fe 2 O 3 (Morin, 1951;Lee et al, 2012), 10 −14 S/cm, the low solubility of the iron oxides, and presumably single reduction step (Fe 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O + 6e − → 2Fe 0 + 6OH − ), have been the reasons to doubt the prospects of this electrolytic process (Cornell and Schwertmann, 2003;Allanore et al, 2007Allanore et al, , 2008.…”

Section: A Brief Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall electroreduction mechanism involves two stages: reduction of Fe(III) to Fe(II) species followed by further reduction and cathodic deposition of iron (Gorbunova and Liamina, 1966;Armstrong and Baurhoo, 1972). Thermodynamic studies (Diakonov et al, 1999) proposed the hydrolysis of Fe 2 O 3 in alkaline solutions to Fe(OH) − 4 .…”

Section: Electroreduction From Iron Oxide-based Suspensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospects and challenges of the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media for steel production

et al. 2022

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Steelmaking industries have been facing strict decarbonization guidelines. With a net zero carbon emissions target, European policies are expected to be accomplished before 2050. Traditional steelmaking industry still operates by the carbothermic reduction of iron ores for steel production. Consequently, the steel sector is responsible for a large amount of CO2 emissions, accounting for up to 9% of the CO2 worldwide emissions. In this scope, the electrochemical reduction or electrolysis of iron oxides into metallic iron in alkaline media arises as a promising alternative technology for ironmaking. Significant advantages of this technology include the absence of CO2 emissions, non-polluting by-products such as hydrogen and oxygen gases, lower temperature against the conventional approach (∼100°C versus 2000°C) and lower electric energy consumption, where around 6 GJ per ton of iron manufactured can be spared. The present minireview discusses the progress on the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media as a green steelmaking route. A historical overview of the global steelmaking against recent developments and challenges of the novel technology is presented, and the fundamental mechanisms of iron oxide reduction to iron and alternative iron feedstocks are discussed. Factors affecting the Faradaic efficiencies of the alkaline electroreduction of iron oxide suspensions or iron oxide bulk ceramics are also explored, focusing on the concurrent hydrogen evolution reaction. Overall, if scrutinized, this technology may become a breaking point for the steel industry sector.

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Section: A Brief Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electroreduction From Iron Oxide-based Suspensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prospects and challenges of the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media for steel production

et al. 2022

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“…However, an electrolyte potentially adapted to the electrolysis of iron oxide is a strongly alkaline solution [2], where the electroreduction has been reported to occur at 100 • C, through a direct reaction [3,4]. The reduction takes place at appreciable rates in the presence of a highly concentrated suspension of finely ground iron oxide particles [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observation and modeling of the reduction of hematite particles to metal in alkaline solution by electrolysis

Allanore

Lavelaine

Valentin

et al. 2010

Electrochimica Acta

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“…[3] The iron production process was initially described in a patent in 1952, with the mechanism presented in 1966. [4,5] Nonetheless, significant progress has been achieved only in the last two decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative approach is deoxidation electrolysis, where pure metal is electrolytically generated from metal oxide precursors without the use of fossil fuels, provided that power for electrolysis is supplied from renewable resources [3] . The iron production process was initially described in a patent in 1952, with the mechanism presented in 1966 [4,5] . Nonetheless, significant progress has been achieved only in the last two decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deoxidation Electrolysis of Hematite in Alkaline Solution: Impact of Cell Configuration and Process Parameters on Reduction Efficiency

Fayaz,

Bösing,

La Mantia

et al. 2023

ChemElectroChem

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Recent research is investigating deoxidation electrolysis for eco‐friendly iron extraction. However, many parameters are not fully understood and inconsistencies in reported Faradaic efficiencies pose challenges for finding the most suitable experimental conditions. Thus, we investigated the dependence of hematite reduction efficiency on process parameters and cell configurations. Firstly, we studied the influence of the anode material. The experiments included cyclic voltammetry to identify the redox potentials, electrolysis, and X‐ray diffraction followed by Rietveld refinement to analyze the pellets after electrolysis. In some cases, scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy was employed to track the elemental map of the cathode pellets. Nickel/iron alloy, a well‐known oxygen‐evolving electrocatalyst material, clearly outperformed other anode materials, namely graphite, titanium, nickel, and platinum. Subsequent investigations explored the impact of an inert atmosphere and anode‐cathode decoupling on Faradaic efficiency. The findings indicated that the decline in Faradaic efficiency cannot be solely attributed to the hydrogen evolution reaction, but also to other parasitic effects such as carbon cycles. Additionally, we employed energy consumption measurements as a mean of comparing the process against established extractive methodologies. The required energy consumption by electrolysis is up to 46 % lower than that of a blast furnace.

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On the mechanism of iron reduction from alkaline solutions

Cited by 17 publications

References 9 publications

Prospects and challenges of the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media for steel production

Prospects and challenges of the electrochemical reduction of iron oxides in alkaline media for steel production

Observation and modeling of the reduction of hematite particles to metal in alkaline solution by electrolysis

Deoxidation Electrolysis of Hematite in Alkaline Solution: Impact of Cell Configuration and Process Parameters on Reduction Efficiency

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