On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation

Wolten, G. M.; Nesbitt, R. S.

doi:10.1520/jfs11255j

Cited by 78 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Gunshot residues derive from the propellant and the primer, the bullet, and the firearm itself. When a firearm is used, these residues can be detected close to the firearm (such as the shooter's hand or the gunshot entrance wound when the shot is fired at short distance) or within the tissues if the projectile has perforated them [1][2][3][4]. Over the years, several studies have been performed on the detection of GSR on many types of materials and by various methods, in order to give an unambiguous definition of "gunshot residues" and to evaluate which procedures are the most reliable for their recognition and analysis [5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The survival of metallic residues from gunshot wounds in cremated bone: a SEM–EDX study

et al. 2012

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The research and analysis of gunshot residues has a relevant role in the examination of gunshot wounds. Nevertheless, very little literature exists concerning gunshot wounds on charred material. In this study, 16 adult bovine ribs (eight still with soft tissues and eight totally skeletonized) underwent a shooting test with two types of projectiles (9 mm full metal-jacketed bullet and 9 mm unjacketed bullet). Each rib then underwent a charring process in an electric oven, reaching the stage of complete calcination at 800°C. The area of each entrance wound was analyzed before and after the carbonization process via a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX). In each sample, metallic residues composed of lead, barium, and antimony were found. These metallic residues were thus preserved also after exposure to the extremely high temperatures reached within the oven, especially with unjacketed bullets, although the particles seem to be more irregular in shape as a result of the heating process. In conclusion, this study proved that gunshot residues survive extremely high temperatures and can be detected via SEM/EDX even in cases of charred tissues.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The survival of metallic residues from gunshot wounds in cremated bone: a SEM–EDX study

et al. 2012

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“…These particles are condensation products of the high temperature, high pressure reactions that occur when a firearm is fired and are known to be deposited at the crime scene and on the shooter [1]. The particles are made up of material from the primer, bullet, bullet jacket, cartridge casing and the gun barrel, are spherical, and are of the order of a few microns in diameter.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Introduction In order to demonstrate that a suspect in a criminal investigation has fired a weapon, police authorities routinely take swabs from the clothing, skin and hair of the suspect and use electron microscopy to search for gunshot residue (GSR) particles on the swabs. These particles are condensation products of the high temperature, high pressure reactions that occur when a firearm is fired and are known to be deposited at the crime scene and on the shooter [1]. The particles are made up of material from the primer, bullet, bullet jacket, cartridge casing and the gun barrel, are spherical, and are of the order of a few microns in diameter.…”

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confidence: 99%

Trace element profiling of gunshot residues by PIXE and SEM‐EDS: a feasibility study

2009

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We critically compare particle induced X-ray emission (PIXE) on the ion microprobe with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) for the characterisation of gunshot residues (GSR). Samples of gunshot residue from several different firearms were collected. Individual particles of GSR were analysed by SEM-EDS using a 30keV electron beam focussed to ~10nm and PIXE using a 2.5MeV proton beam focussed to ~4 microns. PIXE revealed trace or minor elements undetectable by SEM-EDS, and could discriminate GSR indistinguishable by SEM-EDS. Introduction In order to demonstrate that a suspect in a criminal investigation has fired a weapon, police authorities routinely take swabs from the clothing, skin and hair of the suspect and use electron microscopy to search for gunshot residue (GSR) particles on the swabs. These particles are condensation products of the high temperature, high pressure reactions that occur when a firearm is fired and are known to be deposited at the crime scene and on the shooter [1]. The particles are made up of material from the primer, bullet, bullet jacket, cartridge casing and the gun barrel, are spherical, and are of the order of a few microns in diameter. There are several types of particle that are characteristic of gunshot residue, including those containing Pb, Ba and Sb [2].

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“…Horrek sutu egiten du bolbora eta, ondorioz, sortzen diren gasen bolumen handia dela eta, presioa areagotu eta bala armaren kanoitik kanporatzen da. Bolboran eta hasarazlean aurkitzen diren substantziak muturreko tenperatura eta presioen baldintzapean aurkitzen dira, eta jarraian bat-bateko hoztea jasaten dutenez, solidotu egiten dira eta tiroaztarnak osatzen dituzten partikulak sortzen dituzte (1go irudia) [4,5].…”

Section: Sarreraunclassified

Tiro-aztarnen identifikazioa, auzitegi-laborategien erronka

Unceta

Grijalba²,

Benito³

et al. 2015

EKAIA

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Laburpena: Azken urteotan, su-armen erabilera nabarmen handitu da gure gizartean eta horrek tiro egin ondoren sortutako partikulen analisirako metodologia berriak garatzea ekarri du. Krimenaren gertalekuan tiro-aztarnak (gunshot residue, GSR) osatzen dituzten konposatuen detekzioak eta identifikazioak su-armen erabileraren ebidentzia fidagarria eskaintzen dute. Tiro-aztarnak erretako eta erre gabeko partikulen multzoa dira, munizioa erretzen denean sortutakoak eta su-armak berak, jaurtigaiak eta kartutxoak askatutako konposatuez osatuak. Tiro egin ostean, partikulak tiroa gertatu den tokiaren inguruan jalkitzen dira, baina, batez ere, tiratzailearen gorputzean (eskuak, sudurra eta ilea) eta arropetan. Gaur egun, GSR partikulen ohiko analisia konposatu ez-organikoen identifikazioan oinarritzen da. Konposatu organikoen azterketak (organic gunshot residues, OGSR) lagin baten froga-balioa indartu dezake. Hala ere, gutxi dira OGSRen dudarik gabeko identifikaziorako guztiz sentikorrak diren metodoak. Lan honetan, beraz, tiro-aztarnen lagin-biltzea eta analisirako teknika aipagarrienak laburbildu eta berrikusten dira. Hitz-gakoak:Auzitegiko zientzia, tiro-aztarna ez-organikoak (IGSR), tiro aztarna organikoak (OGSR), lagin-biltzea, metodo analitikoak. Abstract:In the last years, the use of firearms has increased considerably in our society which has raised the development of new analytical methodologies in order to detect the particles formed during shooting. The detection and identification of compounds consistent with gunshot residues (GSR) in a crime scene provides forensic evidence of the use of firearms. These particles are a set of burned and unburned particles formed as a result of the combustion process of ammunition and contain components expelled from the firearm itself, the projectile and the cartridge case. After the discharge, particles are deposited on all surfaces in the vicinity where the shot has taken place but mainly in shooter's body (hands, nose and hair) and clothing. Currently, conventional analysis of GRS is focused on inorganic components. The study of organic components may strengthen the probative value of a sample. However, only a few studies propose analytical methods sensitive enough to identify OGSR. The cur-

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On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation

Cited by 78 publications

References 5 publications

The survival of metallic residues from gunshot wounds in cremated bone: a SEM–EDX study

The survival of metallic residues from gunshot wounds in cremated bone: a SEM–EDX study

Trace element profiling of gunshot residues by PIXE and SEM‐EDS: a feasibility study

Tiro-aztarnen identifikazioa, auzitegi-laborategien erronka

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