On the mechanism of field-induced mixed ionic–electronic transport during electro-thermal poling of a bioactive sodium–calcium phosphosilicate glass

Zakel, Julia; Balabajew, Marco; Roling, Bernhard

doi:10.1016/j.ssi.2014.07.003

Cited by 24 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…8. 5 The average depletion layer thickness for NS, 2L8NS, 5L5NS and LS with V p = 100 V was about 200 ± 20, 100 ± 8, 50 ± 20 and 120 ± 24 nm, respectively. …”

Section: −9mentioning

confidence: 89%

“…5b that two exponential processes exist. The relaxation time constants were calculated in a similar empirical approach as Zakel et al 5 The fast time constant was defined as the time it takes the current density (J fast ) to decay from its initial value by Euler's number (J fast /e). From this fast time constant, a charge flow was obtained pertaining to the fast process within the glass during poling.…”

Section: −9mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 The charge transport mechanisms of depletion layer formation of 46S4 bioactive glass (46.4SiO 2 -25.2Na 2 O -25.2CaO -3.2P 2 O 5 in mol%) have been studied by Zakel et al 5 Both poling current and impedance spectroscopy were investigated in situ during electrothermal poling. Post-poling analysis yielded a depletion layer thickness of about 110 nm.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Post-poling analysis yielded a depletion layer thickness of about 110 nm. 5 The study also reported two charge transport processes with significantly different time dependences of poling current at a constant temperature: the first process with a fast time constant, τ fast ∼ 40 s and the second process with a slower time constant, τ slow ∼ 1000 s. Zakel et al 5 presented a model for charge transport mechanisms of 46S4 glass where τ fast corresponded to Na + ion migration creating a depletion layer where the electric field may approach the dielectric breakdown field allowing electrons to become mobile. On the other hand, τ slow was attributed to the migration of Ca 2+ ions away from the depletion layer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

McLaren

Balabajew

Gellert

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Electro-thermal poling of alkali-containing glasses has been known to enhance various physical and chemical properties due to the formation of an alkali ion depletion layer. We have investigated the role of alkali ion migration in depletion layer formation by in situ impedance spectroscopy, poling current measurements and ToF-SIMS on two binary alkali (lithium and sodium) disilicate glasses and two mixed alkali lithium-sodium disilicate glasses. Typically, the depletion layer is formed within a few minutes, reaching a thickness of the order of 100 nm while its impedance continues to increase for the duration of poling. Its electrical conductivity is six or more orders of magnitude lower than that of the bulk glass; by comparison the dielectric constant is lower, approaching the value for silica containing a few percent alkali oxide. Two processes contribute to the formation of a depletion layer: a relatively fast initial process arising from alkali ion migration, followed by a slower process of either electrolysis or gaseous oxygen evolution near the anode. Implications of electro-thermal poling for the mechanism of recently discovered electric field-induced softening of glass are discussed. Electro-thermal poling was primarily developed to induce secondorder nonlinear (SONL) optical susceptibility in glasses by application of DC electric fields. [1][2][3][4] In recent years, interest in this technique has expanded beyond SONL to enhance a variety of biological, physical and chemical properties of glass.5-18 For example, electro-thermal poling has been reported to modify a glass' affinity to atmospheric water at the anode region.18 Electro-thermal poling generally comprises of four main processing steps. First, a glass is heated to a predetermined poling temperature (T p ) below the glass transition temperature (T g ), which allows for increased ionic conductivity while retaining the preformed dimensions. Electrodes on opposite sides of the glass sample are then used to apply a DC voltage (V p ) at T p . After sufficient charge flow has occurred, the glass is then cooled to ambient while still applying the DC voltage to 'freeze' ionic displacements. Finally, the applied voltage is removed at ambient temperature where ionic conductivity is significantly lower to prevent ionic migration back toward original positions. Modification of properties is largely effected by the formation of an alkali ion depletion layer at the anode due to charge transport of ions during these steps.Recently, electric field-induced softening (EFIS) of glass was reported to reduce furnace temperature required for glass softening. 19EFIS is a processing technique where a compressive load is applied to a rectangular glass block inside a furnace. The furnace is then heated at a constant rate while electrodes are used to apply an external electric field across the two parallel faces of the block. The observed reduction in furnace temperature, compared to zero-field conditions, occurs as a result of Joule heating, electrolysis and dielectric b...

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“…8. 5 The average depletion layer thickness for NS, 2L8NS, 5L5NS and LS with V p = 100 V was about 200 ± 20, 100 ± 8, 50 ± 20 and 120 ± 24 nm, respectively. …”

Section: −9mentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: −9mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

McLaren

Balabajew

Gellert

et al. 2016

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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show abstract

“…Among all the substrates used in fabricating optical devices, glasses based integrated optical devices possess several obvious merits over others such as an excellent coupling efficiency with glass fiber and no intrinsic material birefringence compared to crystallized semiconductors [6][7][8][9]. The trivalent rare-earth ions incorporated phosphate glasses are a promising candidate to develop optical devices because of their significant properties, i.e., high thermal expansion coefficient, ultraviolet transmission, suitable refractive index, less dispersion and low melting temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-aluminum phosphate glasses for single-mode waveguide-typed red light source

Tian

Shen

Pun

et al. 2015

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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Nonlinear Optical Properties of Glass

Dussauze

Cardinal

2019

Springer Handbook of Glass

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Numerous innovations in photonics were realized on the base of nonlinear optical properties and notably in information technologies. To take advantage of nonlinear optical properties of glass, multidisciplinary research efforts were necessary combining optics, glass chemistry, material science as well as development of optical or electrical polarizations processes. This chapter addresses both fundamental aspects of the nonlinear optical responses, but also the exploitation of nonlinear optical phenomena in glassy material. It starts by a general introduction on nonlinear optical phenomena and concepts. Then, the specific cases of second and third optical responses in glasses are treated separately and described in details as a function of the corresponding optical phenomena, the different glass families and the applications.

show abstract

On the mechanism of field-induced mixed ionic–electronic transport during electro-thermal poling of a bioactive sodium–calcium phosphosilicate glass

Cited by 24 publications

References 21 publications

Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

Depletion Layer Formation in Alkali Silicate Glasses by Electro-Thermal Poling

High-aluminum phosphate glasses for single-mode waveguide-typed red light source

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Glass

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