On the mechanism of Ag exudation during internal oxidation

Schimmel, G.; Sorina-Müller, Julia; Kempf, B.; Rettenmayr, Markus

doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2009.11.051

Cited by 21 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The diffusion coefficient of oxygen in silver and cadmium repectively obeys the following equations; D = 0.0272×EXP(-11000/RT) cm 2 /s (Oxygen→Silver) D = 0.44×EXP(-41700/RT) cm 2 /s (Cadmium→Silver) These equations show that the diffusion coefficient of oxygen in silver is bigger than that of cadmium in silver. G. Schimmel et al reported that silver is exduated during internal oxidation in Ag-Sn-In-Cu alloy [9]. However, no evidence of silver exduation in Ag-Cd alloy is seen.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Hardness Property of Internally Oxided AgCdO Alloy

Lee

Shin

Jung

et al. 2012

AMM

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Microstructure and hardness property of AgCd alloy internally oxided at 973K for 1 h - 24 h with O2 atmosphere of 3 atm was investigated. Band typed CdO phase was formed at grain boundaries, and particle typed CdO phase was formed at grain interior. In this alloy, it was found that oxygen adsorpted at surface diffuses to interior through grain boundaries, and it subsequently diffuses into grain interior during internal oxidation. No Ag exduation was found in this alloy. The thickness of oxidized layer increased with increasing holding time at given temperature. Hardness of the oxidation zone was 125 ± 5 Hv, which value is higher two times than that of the oxidation free zone. The higher hardness of oxided region than the oxidation free zone was attributed to the dispersion strengthening by CdO particles.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Hardness Property of Internally Oxided AgCdO Alloy

Lee

Shin

Jung

et al. 2012

AMM

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“…This is most likely due to the accelerated kinetics from grain boundary diffusion of OH-or H 2 O [17,41]. There are three possible oxidation mechanisms for the HEA+Cu alloy to form the triplex scale: (1) multiple distinctive oxidation-reduction steps [25], (2) volume expansion from internal spinel formation [25] or (3) activity gradient of oxygen [47,48] driving Cu outward. Unfortunately, the differences for the humid air oxidation do not allow a conclusion to be drawn between the three mechanisms, as accelerated diffusion would be relevant to all.…”

Section: Hea+cumentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of FeCoCrNi+(Cu/Al)-Based High-Entropy Alloys in Humid Air

White,

Bürckner,

Schlereth

et al. 2023

Crystals

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Previous studies showed some transition metal high-entropy alloy (HEA) compositions can have good oxidation resistance in air up to 800 °C. Four equiatomic HEAs have been developed based on FeCoCrNi with additions of Mn, Cu, Al or Al+Cu. The oxidation behavior of these HEAs was compared in humid (10 vol.% H2O) air at 800 °C for 100–500 h to investigate the influence of water vapor on the oxidation mechanisms. The Cu- and Al-containing alloys exhibited improved oxidation resistance over the Mn composition. For the Cu-containing alloy, a local attack of the Cu-rich phase was observed, which formed an Fe/Ni/Co/Cr spinel that was surrounded by Cr2O3. This oxide was thicker for the humid air atmosphere when compared to dry air, and the transition of the Cu oxide to the spinel was accelerated. The Al-containing HEA formed a thin Al2O3 scale with humidity suppressing AlN formation and forming a smoother oxide layer. The Al+Cu composition had the highest overall oxidation resistance (minimal local attack, no nitridation) and also showed a smooth oxide scale topography under humid air oxidation as opposed to a plate-like, rougher scale under dry air.

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“…Therefore, the controlled synthesis of special nano/microstructured Ag/SnO 2 ECM is very important for realizing the practical applications of some functions. At present, several methods, including powder metallurgy approach [11], chemical plating method [12], hydrothermal route [13], internal oxidation process [14], etc., have been used to prepare the Ag/SnO 2 ECM. Each of these processes has its own advantages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ag/(SnO

Chen

Shen

Zhu

et al. 2012

26th International Conference on Electrical Contacts (ICEC 2012)

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According to the principle that the fibre-like arrangement of reinforcing SnO 2 particles paralleling to the direction of current is propitious to the electrical and mechanical performance of the electrical contact materials (ECM), we proposed and reported the novel precursor route used to prepare Ag/(SnO 2 ) 12 ECM with fibre-like arrangement of reinforcing nanoparticles. The as-prepared samples were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical metallurgical (OM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), MHV2000 microhardness test, and double bridge tester. The mechanism for the formation of fibre-like arrangement of reinforcing nanoparticles in Ag/(SnO 2 ) 12 ECM was also dicussed. The analysis results show that Ag/(SnO 2 ) 60 sphere with mosaic structure of SnO 2 nanoparticles embedded in Ag matrix is believed to play a pivotal role in formation of fibrelike structure. The fibre-like structured Ag/(SnO 2 ) 12 ECM exhibites a high elongation of 24%, a particularly low electrical resistivity of 2.08 , low arcing energy and low contact resistivity, and thus has considerable technical, economical and environmental benefits.

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On the mechanism of Ag exudation during internal oxidation

Cited by 21 publications

References 25 publications

Microstructure and Hardness Property of Internally Oxided AgCdO Alloy

Microstructure and Hardness Property of Internally Oxided AgCdO Alloy

High-Temperature Oxidation Behavior of FeCoCrNi+(Cu/Al)-Based High-Entropy Alloys in Humid Air

Ag/(SnO

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