On the measurement of haze

Billmeyer, Fred W.; Chen, Yuan

doi:10.1002/col.5080100410

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Figure shows the relationship between haze standards calibrated for Illuminant C (BYK Gardner, Columbia, MD, USA) and the measured haze using just a single wavelength. Although measuring at only 550 nm systematically underestimates the amount of haze by an average difference of 0.2 at values less 10 per cent and average difference of 1.0 at values greater than 10 per cent, the magnitude is within the range reported by Billmeyer and Chen for different laboratories and so we believe that the modified technique provided a reasonable estimate of the percentage haze.…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 72%

“…Light diffusion is also known as clarity or narrow‐angle scatter. As the terms imply, the basic difference between the two methods is in their definition of what constitutes the region outside the retinal image . Haze is the percentage of the total transmitted light deviated by forward scatter by more than 2.5° (on average) from the incident beam .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Haze is the percentage of the total transmitted light deviated by forward scatter by more than 2.5° (on average) from the incident beam . The technique is usually used to quantify scatter light through plastic materials because plastics generally scatter light over larger angles compared with glass materials . Light diffusion is the amount of scattered light that is contained within an annulus between 1.5° and 2.0° from the centre of the direct beam .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Forward light scatter and visual acuity through scratched protective eyewear

Hovis

Chou

Whitten

et al. 2014

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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Background: Scratches and other surface abrasions on protective eyewear can shorten their life cycle by scattering light from the image, which will compromise visual performance. Although scratch and abrasion resistance testing is well developed, there is little information available regarding visual acuity through lenses scratched in an actual work environment. Methods: We collected protective eyewear from mine and smelting operations that had been returned because vision through the lenses was unacceptable due to scratches and abrasions. Forward scattered light was measured on both cleaned and partially cleaned lenses using both haze and light diffusion measurements. Visual acuity through a selection of lenses was determined for both high and low contrast letters under photopic light levels. Results: Lenses with scratches in the central region had haze values ranging from one to 30 per cent. The highest haze values were measured on lenses that were both scratched and covered with dirt, whereas haze values less than 10 per cent were measured on lenses that had the dirt removed and just had scratches in the central region. Light diffusion values were highly correlated with haze. Visual acuity for high and low contrast letters became worse as the percentage haze increased but the linear correlation was only moderate. Conclusion:The appearance of the scratches on the lens surfaces strongly suggests that they were a result of improper lens cleaning. The findings also suggest that haze values less than two per cent or a luminance reduction factor less than 3.0 cd/(m 2 lx) are unlikely to affect high and low contrast acuity.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 72%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Forward light scatter and visual acuity through scratched protective eyewear

Hovis

Chou

Whitten

et al. 2014

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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“…Billmeyer and Chen highlighted some of the “pitfalls and errors in the measurement of haze”. One of the problems they did not mention was that some commercially available haze measurement instruments start to give erratic results below about 15% luminous transmittance, and care must be taken to eliminate extraneous light, including room lighting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ASTM D1003‐07 is the widely used method referred to by Billmeyer and Chen . It captures transmitted scattered light beyond 0.0236 ± 0.002 rad (1.3° ± 0.1°) of a 0.14 rad (8°) beam.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of scattered light in ophthalmic materials

Dain

Yuen

2015

Color Research & Application

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The assessment of scattered light in lenses, sunglasses and eye protection has been carried out in various ways. Wide-angle scatter (haze) is used in the United States, Australia and New Zealand. Small-angle scatter (light diffusion) is specified in Europe. Little is known of the relationships within and between the methods. In an international standard, a single method is generally required. The measurement of wide-angle scatter (haze) (two variations of a method) and small-angle scatter (light diffusion) (three variations of a method) were carried out on 12 samples, 4 abraded, 4 with inclusion defects and 4 with surface coating defects, in an international inter-laboratory comparison. The consensus means and confidence limits were used to compare two haze methods: the "Basic" light diffusion method and two variations of the "Simplified" light diffusion method. For abraded samples, haze and light diffusion measures are linearly related. For the remaining samples, the haze method was a much more sensitive detector of low levels of light scatter. The three measures of light diffusion are highly linearly correlated. Haze is the more sensitive measure for lower levels of light scatter when due to smaller scattering elements. The Basic and Simplified methods are highly linearly correlated. The red laser Simplified method returns a value 10% lower than that of the Basic method, and the green laser Simplified method returns a value 12% higher than that of the Basic method. These can be accounted for by a calibration factor or different acceptance values.

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The Effects of Corporate Restructuring on Aggregate Industry Specialization

1996

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It has been widely argued that the purpose of corporate restructuring during the 1980s was to produce a population of more industry‐specialized, competitive firms in response to intensifying global competition. A number of studies show that corporate restructuring resulted in increased corporate focus during the 1980s. However, no study has yet examined whether corporate restructuring resulted in increased specialization at the industry level during the 1980s. This study examines this issue. First, we examine whether or not aggregate industry specialization increased during the 1980s. That is, we ask: did the average firm in any given U.S. industry become more or less specialized to that industry during the 1980s? Second, we examine whether corporate restructuring was a significant determinant of change in aggregate industry specialization during the 1980s. Using a sample of 686 four‐digit SIC industries and 64 two‐digit industry groups, this study finds that aggregate industry specialization declined very slightly at both the four‐digit and two‐digit level between 1981 and 1989. This study also finds that sell‐offs of establishments through corporate control transactions or interfirm asset sales had no significant effect on aggregate industry specialization.

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On the measurement of haze

Cited by 43 publications

References 2 publications

Forward light scatter and visual acuity through scratched protective eyewear

Forward light scatter and visual acuity through scratched protective eyewear

The assessment of scattered light in ophthalmic materials

The Effects of Corporate Restructuring on Aggregate Industry Specialization

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