“…Stochastic differential equations have various applications in various fields, such as medicine, economics, and social sciences, as well as engineering, biology, and financial mathematics. These equations play a crucial role in modelling population growth, where the stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integral equation is fundamental; see [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. A stochastic Volterra-Fredholm integral equations can be modeled using several types of stochastic differential equations or, in more complicated cases, nonlinear stochastic differential equations of the Itô type [8][9][10].…”