On the L-M-N multiple ionisation in heavy elements

Heavy ion induced multiple ionization in gold

“…Similar considerations will apply to the vacancies', in the N shell. Following the arguments given in [5] we may state that except for very low PM values (2) have been expressed in terms of M4,5 and N4 vacancy numbers that practically coincides with those produced during the collision.…”

“…As a result, the average number of LM4, s vacancies will increase. As an example, if we assume that PM1 =PMz.3=PM4., =0"1, the increase in the average number of LM4,5 vacancies will be about 20% [5]. On the other hand, some of the spectator M4, 5 vacancies will decay prior to the L3 vacancy, thus reducing the number of LM4, 5 configurations.…”

“…2 and 3, respectively, as a function of projectile energy. Following the prescription given in [5] these values have been cross-checked with those obtained from the observed shifts of the L t and L~ lines. The two sets of values agree, within error.…”

“…The Rumanian group have developed the "Method of Yield-Ratio Shifts" to extract from the L X-ray spectra the average number of M, N and O-shell vacancies present during the decay of the L-vacancy [5]. Taking into account the fact that the radius of the outer shells are much larger than the typical impact parameters for Lshell ionisation, one can obtain an estimate of the single electron ionisation probabilities e.g.…”

Inner-shell ionization in near-central collisions of 6.7 MeV/amu4He ions with mid-Z atoms

“…Berinde et al [10] measured L X-ray lines with a HPGe detector to determine the M4, 5 and N 4 subshell ionization probabilities in central collisions of Au and Th with different projectiles. From the change in the intensity ratios of different transitions and the energy shift of the X-ray lines, the number of M4, 5 vacancies were determined.…”