On the kinetics and particle size polydispersity of the styrene emulsion polymerization using aerosol MA80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactants

Farías-Cepeda, Lorena; Herrera‐Ordóñez, Jorge; Saldívar‐Guerra, Enrique

doi:10.1007/s00396-010-2272-0

Cited by 17 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Most protocols report extensive deoxygenation of the emulsion components, with a notable exception in the work by Zhang et al, where styrene – methylmethacrylate – acrylic acid copolymer latexes were prepared in the presence of oxygen. Blade propellers are often used in surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization to carefully control the shear rate of the mixing, which was shown to affect the particle size distribution . The use of motorized propellers requires additional measures to be taken to maintain the reaction mixture free of oxygen, often a nitrogen blanket and a condenser around the propeller arm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micron-sized polystyrene particles by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in air: Synthesis and mechanism

Telford

Pham

Neto

et al. 2013

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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In this study, a novel, robust approach is presented to produce micrometer‐scale‐sized polystyrene particles with narrow size distribution in highly concentrated latexes. The approach could be easily employed by those not skilled in the art to produce large quantities of polymer particles for research applications. A recent hypothesis is corroborated for the mechanism of particle growth in surfactant‐free emulsion polymerization, based on heterocoagulation of precursor particles onto mature ones.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micron-sized polystyrene particles by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in air: Synthesis and mechanism

Telford

Pham

Neto

et al. 2013

J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem.

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“…Interestingly, this micellar nucleation mechanism occurred at a considerably lower concentration than expected from the CMC of the binary water-SDS system. Ten years ago, Farías-Cepeda et al [50] found indications that this mixed mode appears at the critical micelle concentration of the respective polymerizable emulsion systems instead of the corresponding water-surfactant system. Measuring the interfacial tension between water and ethylbenzene in the presence of K 2 SO 4 as a function of the SDS concentration at the polymerization temperature of 70°C, they could correlate the polydispersity increase of the synthesized styrene particles with the beginning of micellization, which was found at a considerable lower concentration compared to the CMC of the binary water-SDS-mixture.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Ps Particles Of Adjustable Size and Polydispersitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The predominant particle formation mechanism switches from a homogeneous nucleation mechanism [46][47][48] at surfactant concentrations below the CMC towards a mixed mode of particle nucleation, i.e., homogeneous vs. micellar, above the CMC [49]. While most of the studies relate this change in nucleation mechanism to the CMC of the respective binary water-surfactant-systems, Farías-Cepeda et al [50] found indications that instead the CMC of the polymerizable system determines the concentration where the mixed mode of particle nucleation occurs. It is interesting to note that the size of microgel particles is constant above the CMC, but is linearly dependent on the surfactant concentration below the CMC [51].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to them, Chang et al [55] reported an increase of the water-styrene-SDS CMC at 25°C as determined by the pendant drop technique (6.7 mM) as well as conductivity measurements (7.5 mM) compared to water-SDS (3.0 mM [56]). Farías-Cepeda et al [50] reported at 70°C a CMC of 5.3 mM replacing styrene with ethylbenzene, also using the Du Noüy ring method. Furthermore, their results indicate that the polydispersity of the final polymer particles becomes significantly larger at the CMC of the ternary emulsion system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adjustable polystyrene nanoparticle templates for the production of mesoporous foams and ZnO inverse opals

et al. 2020

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The manifold applications of porous materials, such as in storage, separation, and catalysis, have led to an enormous interest in their cost-efficient preparation. A promising strategy to obtain porous materials with adjustable pore size and morphology is to use templates exhibiting the appropriate nanostructure. In this study, close-packed polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles, synthesized by emulsion polymerization, were used to produce porous PS and ZnO inverse opals. The size and distribution of the polystyrene nanoparticles, characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), were controlled via the concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Systematic measurements of the water/styrene-interfacial tension show that the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the ternary water–styrene–SDS system, which determines whether monodisperse or polydisperse PS particles are obtained, is considerably lower than that of the binary water–SDS system. The assemblies of close-packed PS nanoparticles obtained via drying were then studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and SEM. Both techniques prove that PS nanoparticles synthesized above the CMC result in a significantly unordered but denser packing of the particles. The polystyrene particles were subsequently used to produce porous polystyrene and ZnO inverse opals. While the former consists of micrometer-sized spherical pores surrounded by extended open-cellular regions of mesopores (Rpore ≈ 25 nm), the latter are made of ZnO-nanoparticles forming a structure of well-aligned interconnected pores.

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“…The performance properties of colloidal stability, thermal resistive coating, and control of particle morphology were also evaluated in emulsion polymerization [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Moreover, the quantity and nature of the surfactants were used for the polymerization are major factors in the final properties of the polymer latex [22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Synthesis Method and Characterization of Poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) Latex Particles: Effect of Silanol‐Terminated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surfactant on the Seeded Emulsion Copolymerization

Ghorbani

Zohuri

Gholami³

2017

J Surfact & Detergents

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In a conventional semi‐batch seeded emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate/butyl acrylate (VA/BA) using hybrid surfactants namely, dioctyl sulfosuccinate (DOSS) as an anionic surfactant, nonylphenol ethoxylate (KENON 30) as a non‐ionic type, and polydimethylsiloxane surfactant (having hydrophilic silanol‐terminated, called PDMS). The effect of PDMS on the properties of the latex synthesized was investigated by measuring solid content, viscosity, colloidal stability, particle size distributions of the base latex, viscosity average molecular weight (M¯v) of the copolymer, latex particle morphology, glass transition temperature (Tg) of a copolymer and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Particle size of the base latex decreases (Z‐average from 246.48 to 143.69 nm) upon increasing the amount of PDMS surfactant in the recipe (up to 6 wt%). The presence of PDMS surfactant in the hybrid surfactants led to a significant increase in the solid content (from 48.71 to 51.31 wt%), viscosity (from 334 to 806 centipoise, cp) and M¯v (from 1.91 × 105 to 2.34 × 105 g mol−1). Thermal stability and Tg of the copolymer were increased with addition of PDMS surfactant (thermal stability from 344.77 to 389.81 °C and Tg from −20.7 to 21.7 °C). The colloidal stability evaluated using the electrolyte addition method was improved with addition of PDMS surfactant. The uniform morphological structure of the final particle is the main effect of using PDMS in the hybrid surfactants.

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On the kinetics and particle size polydispersity of the styrene emulsion polymerization using aerosol MA80 and sodium dodecyl sulfate as surfactants

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Micron-sized polystyrene particles by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in air: Synthesis and mechanism

Micron-sized polystyrene particles by surfactant-free emulsion polymerization in air: Synthesis and mechanism

Adjustable polystyrene nanoparticle templates for the production of mesoporous foams and ZnO inverse opals

Novel Synthesis Method and Characterization of Poly(vinyl acetate‐butyl acrylate) Latex Particles: Effect of Silanol‐Terminated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Surfactant on the Seeded Emulsion Copolymerization

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