On the information content of the genetic code

Alvåger, T.; Graham, George P.; Hilleke, R.; Hutchison, David; Westgard, J.

doi:10.1016/0303-2647(89)90060-9

Cited by 12 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The genetic code is degenerate, with the set of 20 amino acids encoded by 61 base triplets or codons (204). Hence, multiple synonymous codons can be used in coding sequences, giving rise to the inclusion of the same amino acid in the final protein product.…”

Section: The Emerging Impact Of Small Ncrnas In Aging and Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-level remodeling of transcriptional landscapes in aging and longevity

Lai

Danthi

et al. 2019

BMB Rep.

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In multi-cellular organisms, the control of gene expression is key not only for development, but also for adult cellular homeostasis, and gene expression has been observed to be deregulated with aging. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the transcriptional alterations that have been described to occur with age in metazoans. First, we discuss age-related transcriptional changes in protein-coding genes, the expected functional impact of such changes, and how known pro-longevity interventions impact these changes. Second, we discuss the changes and impact of emerging aspects of transcription in aging, including age-related changes in splicing, lncRNAs and circRNAs. Third, we discuss the changes and potential impact of transcription of transposable elements with aging. Fourth, we highlight small ncRNAs and their potential impact on the regulation of aging phenotypes. Understanding the aging transcriptome will be key to identify important regulatory targets, and ultimately slow-down or reverse aging and extend healthy lifespan in humans.

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Section: The Emerging Impact Of Small Ncrnas In Aging and Longevitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-level remodeling of transcriptional landscapes in aging and longevity

Lai

Danthi

et al. 2019

BMB Rep.

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“…The application of information theory to the study of biology has been under way for some time [15–18] and has received considerable attention in the fields of neuroscience [19] and genetics [20–21]. However, the full breadth of this utility for biological signaling systems, in general, has not been realized, primarily because of the difficulty of defining “information” in general biological systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Information-Theoretic Characterization of the Optimal Gradient Sensing Response of Cells

Andrews

Iglesias

2007

PLoS Comput Biol

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Many cellular systems rely on the ability to interpret spatial heterogeneities in chemoattractant concentration to direct cell migration. The accuracy of this process is limited by stochastic fluctuations in the concentration of the external signal and in the internal signaling components. Here we use information theory to determine the optimal scheme to detect the location of an external chemoattractant source in the presence of noise. We compute the minimum amount of mutual information needed between the chemoattractant gradient and the internal signal to achieve a prespecified chemotactic accuracy. We show that more accurate chemotaxis requires greater mutual information. We also demonstrate that a priori information can improve chemotaxis efficiency. We compare the optimal signaling schemes with existing experimental measurements and models of eukaryotic gradient sensing. Remarkably, there is good quantitative agreement between the optimal response when no a priori assumption is made about the location of the existing source, and the observed experimental response of unpolarized Dictyostelium discoideum cells. In contrast, the measured response of polarized D. discoideum cells matches closely the optimal scheme, assuming prior knowledge of the external gradient—for example, through prolonged chemotaxis in a given direction. Our results demonstrate that different observed classes of responses in cells (polarized and unpolarized) are optimal under varying information assumptions.

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“…The trinucleotide is the most unstable and susceptible to change, the dinucleotide (R ξ P R ψ P ; diquantum) is relativistically more stable, and the mononucleotide (R ξ P ; uniquantum) is the most stable. Since the 3 rd nucleotide has the broadest genetic information flexibility and the 1 st is the most constrained vis-à-vis its encoded amino acid [ 448 ], this triquantal organization concomitantly evinces an organizational basis for the triplet codon and intimates its degeneracy and the basis of the wobble [ 449 ]. I expand on the specificity of the code in 3.6.…”

Section: Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life

Andrulis

2011

Life

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Life is an inordinately complex unsolved puzzle. Despite significant theoretical progress, experimental anomalies, paradoxes, and enigmas have revealed paradigmatic limitations. Thus, the advancement of scientific understanding requires new models that resolve fundamental problems. Here, I present a theoretical framework that economically fits evidence accumulated from examinations of life. This theory is based upon a straightforward and non-mathematical core model and proposes unique yet empirically consistent explanations for major phenomena including, but not limited to, quantum gravity, phase transitions of water, why living systems are predominantly CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur), homochirality of sugars and amino acids, homeoviscous adaptation, triplet code, and DNA mutations. The theoretical framework unifies the macrocosmic and microcosmic realms, validates predicted laws of nature, and solves the puzzle of the origin and evolution of cellular life in the universe.

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On the information content of the genetic code

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Multi-level remodeling of transcriptional landscapes in aging and longevity

Multi-level remodeling of transcriptional landscapes in aging and longevity

An Information-Theoretic Characterization of the Optimal Gradient Sensing Response of Cells

Theory of the Origin, Evolution, and Nature of Life

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