On the heritability of inspection time and its covariance with IQ: a twin study

Luciano, Michelle; Smith, Glen A.; Wright, Margaret J.; Geffen, Gina; Geffen, L. B.; Martin, Nicholas G.

doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(01)00071-x

Cited by 57 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…To minimise bias from random responses and lapses in attention/interest factors, inspection time was estimated by fitting post hoc a cumulative normal curve (mean = 0) to accuracy as a function of stimulus onset asynchrony. See Luciano et al (2001b) for more details. Mean RT of correct responses on a visual reaction time task with three choice conditions (two, four, and eight) was performed on a computer using a keyboard response pad.…”

Section: Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (Lbc1921) -Scotland-this Cohort Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed

Luciano

Hansell

Lahti

et al. 2011

Biological Psychology

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Processing speed is an important cognitive function that is compromised in psychiatric illness (e.g., schizophrenia, depression) and old age; it shares genetic background with complex cognition (e.g., working memory, reasoning). To find genes influencing speed we performed a genome-wide association scan in up to three cohorts: Brisbane (mean age 16 years; N = 1659); LBC1936 (mean age 70 years, N = 992); LBC1921 (mean age 82 years, N = 307), and; HBCS (mean age 64 years, N = 1080). Meta-analysis of the common measures highlighted various suggestively significant (p < 1.21 × 10 −5 ) SNPs and plausible candidate genes (e.g., TRIB3). A biological pathways analysis of the speed factor identified two common pathways from the KEGG database (cell junction, focal adhesion) in two cohorts, while a pathway analysis linked to the GO database revealed common pathways across pairs of speed measures (e.g., receptor binding, cellular metabolic process). These highlighted genes and pathways will be able to inform future research, including results for psychiatric disease. KeywordsInformation processing speed; Cognitive ability; Genes; Biological pathways © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. * Corresponding author at: Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK. Tel.: +44 131 6 51 5040; fax: +44 131 650 8405. michelle.luciano@ed.ac.uk. . 1 These authors contributed equally to this work. Appendix A. Supplementary data Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.11.008. Europe PMC Funders GroupAuthor Manuscript Biol Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 April 04. Published in final edited form as:Biol Psychol. 2011 March ; 86(3): 193-202. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010 Europe PMC Funders Author Manuscripts Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsInformation processing speed is considered a lower level cognitive process, although it shares a large portion of its genetic variance with higher order abilities (e.g., reasoning, working memory) (Luciano et al., 2003;Neubauer, 1997). It is a cognitive domain that is particularly prone to deterioration with ageing (Salthouse, 1996); for example, simple reaction time (RT) slows at around 50 years of age and choice RT slows throughout the adult range (Der and Deary, 2006). However, similar to complex cognition with which it is correlated, the genes influencing speed are expected to be stable across the lifespan (Lyons et al., 2009). Speed is affected (slowed) in psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, depression and substance use disorder (Andersson et al., 2010;Jahshan et al., 2009) and RT has even been shown to account for the relationship between IQ and mortality in a cohort followed up until age 70 (Deary and Der, 2005;Latvala et al., 2009). It is therefore an important trait to understand, and in this study, we aim to locate genes influencing chronometric and psychometric processing speed measures via genome wide association. These genes may underlie comple...

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Section: Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 (Lbc1921) -Scotland-this Cohort Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed

Luciano

Hansell

Lahti

et al. 2011

Biological Psychology

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“…Inspection Time was measured using a line discrimination task, presented as a pseudo-computer game of choosing the longer of two worms to go fishing (Luciano et al, 2001a). The two lines of comparison were described as worms that would quickly burrow into the ground.…”

Section: Inspection Timementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Behavioral genetic studies (Luciano et al, 2001a;Posthuma et al, 2001) have recently confirmed that Inspection Time (IT), like other information processing speed measures, is genetically correlated with IQ. In these studies the relationship between IT and IQ was shown to be entirely mediated by genes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Genetic Investigation of the Covariation Among Inspection Time, Choice Reaction Time, and IQ Subtest Scores

et al. 2004

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Information processing speed, as measured by elementary cognitive tasks, is correlated with higher order cognitive ability so that increased speed relates to improved cognitive performance. The question of whether the genetic variation in Inspection Time (IT) and Choice Reaction Time (CRT) is associated with IQ through a unitary factor was addressed in this multivariate genetic study of IT, CRT, and IQ subtest scores. The sample included 184 MZ and 206 DZ twin pairs with a mean age of 16.2 years (range 15-18 years). They were administered a visual ( -figure) IT task, a two-choice RT task, five computerized subtests of the Multidimensional Aptitude Battery, and the digit symbol substitution subtest from the WAIS-R. The data supported a factor model comprising a general, three group (verbal ability, visuospatial ability, broad speediness), and specific genetic factor structure, a shared environmental factor influencing all tests but IT, plus unique environmental factors that were largely specific to individual measures. The general genetic factor displayed factor loadings ranging between 0.35 and 0.66 for the IQ subtests, with IT and CRT loadings of −0.47 and −0.24, respectively. Results indicate that a unitary factor is insufficient to describe the entire relationship between cognitive speed measures and all IQ subtests, with independent genetic effects explaining further covariation between processing speed (especially CRT) and Digit Symbol.

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“…The standard deviation (SD) of this curve represents the point at which 84% accuracy occurs. Multiplication of the SD by the relevant Z score gives the SOA for any desired accuracy threshold (e.g., 1.64 for 95%; Luciano et al, 2001a). …”

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Genetic Covariation Among Facets of Openness to Experience and General Cognitive Ability

et al. 2008

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G enetic and environmental sources of covariation among cognitive measures of verbal IQ, performance IQ (PIQ), academic achievement, 2-choice reaction time (CRT), inspection time (IT) and the 6 Openness facets of the NEO Personality InventoryRevised (NEO PI-R) were examined. The number of twin and twin-sibling pairs ranged from 432 (182 MZ, 350 DZ/sibling) to 1023 (273 MZ, 750 DZ/sibling) for cognitive measures, and between 432 (90 MZ, 342 DZ/sibling) -437 (91 MZ, 346 DZ/sibling) for Openness facets. Structural equation modeling best supported a model with a 3-factor additive genetic structure. A genetic general factor subsumed the 5 cognitive measures and 5 of the 6 Openness facets (Actions did not load significantly). A second additive genetic factor incorporated the 6 Openness facets, and a third additive genetic factor incorporated the 5 cognitive measures. Specific additive and dominance genetic effects were also evident, as were shared common and shared unique environmental influences, and specific unique environmental effects. The Openness facets of Ideas and Values evidenced the strongest phenotypic correlations with cognitive indices, particularly verbal measures. The genetic correlations among Openness facets and cognitive measures ranged from -.06 to .79. Results were interpreted as suggesting that Openness is related to general cognitive ability (g) through a genetic mechanism and that g engenders a minor but discernable disposition towards Openness for the majority of facets.There has been growing interest in clarifying the relationship between openness to experience (Openness) and cognitive measures such as IQ and basic mental speed tasks (e.g., Bates & Shieles, 2003; ChamorroPremuzic et al., 2005;Gignac et al., 2004). Recent evidence has indicated that measured aspects of Openness (facets) may be related to general cognitive ability (g; Chamorro-Premuzic, et al., 2005;Gignac, 2005;Gignac et al., 2004), suggesting that shared genetic influences may be implicated. In this article, we examine genetic and environmental structures underpinning relationships among the six facets of the Openness domain of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) and cognitive variables including Verbal IQ (VIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ), academic achievement (Queensland Core Skills Test [QCST]), and two measures of processing speed, choice reaction time (CRT), and inspection time (IT).Openness is one of five core domains of personality defined by the NEO PI-R. It is composed of six facets characterized by: 1. appreciation of art, poetry, music, and beauty (Aesthetics) 2. engagement of one's imagination (Fantasy) 3. valuing of emotion, and the experiencing of more intense emotions (Feelings) 4. involvement in varied experiences, and enjoyment of novelty (Actions) 5. pursuit of a manifold array of cultural and intellectual interests (Ideas) 6. questioning of conventional norms and receptivity to unconventional principles (Values; Costa & McCrae, 1992).In contrast to an abundance of studies of heritability of g, whic...

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On the heritability of inspection time and its covariance with IQ: a twin study

Cited by 57 publications

References 41 publications

Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed

Whole genome association scan for genetic polymorphisms influencing information processing speed

A Genetic Investigation of the Covariation Among Inspection Time, Choice Reaction Time, and IQ Subtest Scores

Genetic Covariation Among Facets of Openness to Experience and General Cognitive Ability

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