On the global atmospheric electrical circuit

Generation of Seismic-Related DC Electric Fields and Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling

“…The field is quasi-static if its temporal variation exceeds considerably the relaxation time (τ) of charges in the surface atmosphere τ~ε 0 /σ~10~30 min (ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, and σ is the surface atmosphere conductivity). An equivalent circuit is often used to explain the generation of atmospheric electric field (Goldberg, 1984;Sapkota & Varshneya, 1990;Rycroft et al, 2000). The current flowing in the circuit is excited by a generator which is the resultant action of thunderstorms all over the world.…”

Atmospheric transparency changes associated with solar wind-induced atmospheric electricity variations

“…The space charge is given by = n + − n − and the total ion concentration by n = n + + n − . The responses of n, Jz and Ez in the global circuit to changes in GCR ux have been modeled by Roble and Hays (1979), Ogawa (1983, 1985), Tzur et al (1983), Sapkota and Varshneya (1990). Observations are sparse and noisy, and have been reviewed by Tinsley (1996) (see also Reiter, 1992, Fig.…”

Impact of High Energy Cosmic Rays on Global Atmospheric Electrical Parameters over Different Orographically Important Places of India

“…Also, Makino and Ogawa [11] improved their earlier model by incorporating the latitudinal, longitudinal, and height variations of conductivity. Sapkota and Varshneya [12] estimated the response of the global circuit to the Forbush decrease in cosmic ray flux. But 2 ISRN High Energy Physics the calculations of Makino and Ogawa [11] and Sapkota and Varshneya [12] were performed on the global basis in a grid of 5 ∘ both in latitude and longitude.…”

“…Sapkota and Varshneya [12] estimated the response of the global circuit to the Forbush decrease in cosmic ray flux. But 2 ISRN High Energy Physics the calculations of Makino and Ogawa [11] and Sapkota and Varshneya [12] were performed on the global basis in a grid of 5 ∘ both in latitude and longitude. Agarwal and Varshneya [13] made calculations for GEC parameters by taking the latitudinal variation factor due to cosmic rays as 0.4 for clean and clear atmosphere, but they took orography of Indian subcontinent.…”