On the Germination of the Seed of the Spinacia Oleracea, L., at Low Temperatures

Sifton, H. B.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090092

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Productive comparisons are generally precluded by the nature of the plans of experimentation that were followed. In this group may be mentioned reports by NOBBE (16), RAFN (18), DOROSHENKO (5), PACK (17), HAR-RINGTON (7), SIFTON (21), and especially those by BOERKER (2) and KORSTIAN (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Germinative Energy of Lots of Coniferous-Tree Seed, as Related to Incubation Temperature and to Duration of Incubation

Haasis

1928

Plant Physiol.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Germinative Energy of Lots of Coniferous-Tree Seed, as Related to Incubation Temperature and to Duration of Incubation

Haasis

1928

Plant Physiol.

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“…The 'seed' of spinach is a fruit, consisting of an embryo surrounding the perisperm, micropylar endosperm, testa and pericarp, as described by Hermann et al (2007). The spinach perisperm primarily contains starch as the food reserve (Sifton, 1927) and this tissue can be monitored by cracking open or squeezing the seed to visually assess the stage of perisperm development. The perisperm and embryo must be fully developed to produce vigorous, viable seeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinach seed quality: potential for combining seed size grading and chlorophyll fluorescence sorting

2013

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Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) seed quality is important for subsequent establishment of baby leaf and other spinach products. The indeterminate flowering pattern in spinach produces seeds of different sizes, and consequently a non-uniform seed lot. Sorting seeds based on novel sorting methods might therefore improve the establishment of spinach for producers. Spinach seeds were harvested at five different times (H1, H2, H3, H4 and H5) starting 3 weeks before estimated optimum harvest time. The harvested seeds were sorted according to chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) and seed size. Two harvest times 6 d apart were selected for further studies of seed development and germination counts. Analysis of mean germination time (MGT) of four germination counts (3, 7, 14 and 21 d) showed that smaller seed sizes ( < 3.25 mm) have lower MGT than seeds of larger sizes (>3.25 mm). A larger proportion of 2.5–3.25 mm size seeds had germinated on day 3 than both their larger and smaller counterparts at the later time of harvest (H4). Seeds with a diameter below 2.5 mm displayed the lowest MGT. Commercially, the use of chlorophyll fluorescence (CF)-sorted seeds, in combination with seed size sorting, may provide a useful tool for enhancing seed quality. Here our results demonstrate that a greater number of seeds with a low CF level had germinated on day 3 compared to the seeds with high CF levels. It is of relevance to develop a technology that could identify seeds that are sufficiently developed to germinate and successfully establish in the field regardless of seed size.

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“…This was probably a result of better oxygen diffusion to the embryo. Complete removal of the pericarp (dehulling) of spinach seeds increased the total germination of seeds on paper at high moisture levels (Heydecker and Orphanos, 1968) and high temperatures (>18°C) (Sifton, 1927;Atherton and Farooque, 1983;Suganuma and Ohno, 1984;Leskovar et al, 1999;Katzman et al, 2001). Also, in a moist substrate, total germination of true seeds (without the pericarp) was greater than total germination of intact seeds (with the pericarp), but in that study the different seed types originated from different genotypes (Kear et al, 2005).…”

Section: Seed Pericarpmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…With spinach, the achene consists of a true seed with an embryo surrounding the perisperm, covered with a seed coat (testa) (Figure 2). The true seed is loosely surrounded by a fruit wall, called the pericarp, composed of partly lignified cells (Sifton, 1927). Since the spinach seed anatomy is similar to that of the family-related beet (Beta vulgaris L.) seeds (Hermann et al, 2007), studies on beet seeds are particularly relevant for this study on spinach seeds.…”

Section: Botanical Information Of Spinachmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Spinach seeds have a similar structure as sugar beet seeds (Beta vulgaris L.), both family of Amaranthaceae. What the industry calls the 'seed' is botanically an indehiscent fruit, consisting of a true seed loosely surrounded by a fruit wall, called pericarp (Sifton, 1927;Coumans et al, 1976). In this paper, we refer to a spinach fruit with intact pericarp as an 'intact seed', and when the pericarp is absent, we call it a 'true seed' (Figure 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From seed to seedling - damping-off tolerance in Spinacia oleracea L

Magnée¹

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Table of contents Chapter 1. General introduction Chapter 2. Sensitivity of spinach seed germination to moisture is driven by oxygen availability and influenced by seed size and pericarp Chapter 3. Evaluation of damping-off tolerance in spinach cultivars in field soils and in a standardised lab assay with Pythium ultimum Chapter 4. Rate of seedling emergence is not the only driver of pre-emergence damping-off tolerance in spinach Chapter 5. Higher seed maturity levels, darker pericarp, and smaller seed size relate to improved damping-off tolerance in spinach Chapter 6. General discussion Bibliography Summary Samenvatting Acknowledgements Biography Training and education statement General introductionChapter 1General introduction | 17 reflectance from the spinach seed pericarp has been shown to be a good marker for the presence of fungal infection of those seeds (Olesen et al., 2011). In addition, chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) of a seed can be measured by emitting light onto the seed at 450 or 660 nm and measuring excitation from the seed at 730 nm. CF has been demonstrated to be a good marker for the maturity level of seeds of many plant species, with an inverse correlation with germination (Jalink et al., 1998). Also, for sugar beet and spinach seeds, where CF is measured from the pericarp instead of the seed coat, CF correlated negatively with germination (Deleuran et al., 2013;Boelt et al., 2018). In this study, spectral and fluorescence measurements in addition to morphological measurements of spinach seeds are performed and, for the first time, related to damping-off tolerance. Chapter 2Uniform seedling emergence is crucial for economically viable spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) production. However, non-uniform seed germination occurs due to variation in moisture sensitivity among and within spinach seed lots. To test moisture sensitivity, we developed a floating germination system with fixed distances between the water table and germination papers, so that moisture levels were standardised. We tested germination performance of different cultivar seed lots, with one seed lot fractionated into different seed sizes, and of seeds with an intact, open, or removed pericarp. At high moisture level, smaller seeds germinated better than larger seeds, and seeds without a pericarp or with an open pericarp germinated better than intact seeds. The pericarp of smaller seeds was relatively thinner than the pericarp of larger seeds. A lower temperature or increased oxygen level resulted in improved germination of differently-sized seeds at a high moisture level. In conclusion, the sensitivity of spinach seed germination to moisture is influenced by seed size, hence pericarp thickness and intactness, and is driven by oxygen availability to the seed embryo. To determine the full germination potential of spinach seed lots, we recommend a standardised low moisture level in addition to a temperature of 15 to 20°C.

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On the Germination of the Seed of the Spinacia Oleracea, L., at Low Temperatures

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Germinative Energy of Lots of Coniferous-Tree Seed, as Related to Incubation Temperature and to Duration of Incubation

Germinative Energy of Lots of Coniferous-Tree Seed, as Related to Incubation Temperature and to Duration of Incubation

Spinach seed quality: potential for combining seed size grading and chlorophyll fluorescence sorting

From seed to seedling - damping-off tolerance in Spinacia oleracea L

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