On the generation and propagation of Makran swells in the Arabian Sea

Anoop, T. R.; Shanas, P. R.; Aboobacker, V. M.; Kumar, V. Sanil; Nair, L. Sheela; Prasad, R.; Srinivas, Reji

doi:10.1002/joc.6192

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Off the southwest coast of India (at P1), the winds are predominantly from SW‐N directional sector (Figure 3), which constitute around 78% of total winds (Table S1, Supporting Information). As reported in the earlier studies (Fieux and Stommel, 1977; Aparna et al ., 2005; Anoop et al ., 2020), the major components in this sector are found to be SWM winds, sea breeze and shamal–makran wind systems; particularly, sea breeze is identified from WNW‐NW and shamal–makran winds from NNW‐N directions. Winds from NNE‐E directional sector constitute around 14%, which are composed of NEM winds and land breeze.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The northeast monsoon (NEM) winds prevail during October–January, while the winds during February–May (premonsoon [PRM]) are mixed up with regional and local wind systems (Aboobacker et al ., 2011a). The NEM and PRM seasons are also characterized by the presence of shamal–makran wind systems in the Arabian Sea, which blows from NW‐NNE directional sector (Aboobacker et al ., 2011b; Anoop et al ., 2020). The significance of these wind systems in the Arabian Sea, and their southward extension along the west coast of India were explored earlier (Vinod Kumar et al ., 2014; Aboobacker et al ., 2021a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, updating trend estimations and variability assessments may apprise recent changes in the wind climate and their significance in the long‐term trend estimations. The review of literature points out that a detailed analysis of trends and variability of wind speeds along the Kerala coast (southwest coast of India) has not been carried out so far (Aparna et al ., 2005; Kumar and Sajiv, 2010; Vethamony et al ., 2011; Aboobacker et al ., 2014; Anoop et al ., 2020). Therefore, wind climate analysis has been undertaken in the present study to delineate long‐term trends, interannual variability and possible links with the global and regional features using CFSR winds for the period 1979–2019.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatology and variability of wind speeds along the southwest coast of India derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds

Abdulla

Aboobacker

Shanas

et al. 2022

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Wind climate along the southwest coast of India (Kerala coast) has been analysed using 41 years of Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) winds to delineate long-term trends and variability. The study reveals significant decreasing trends in annual mean wind speeds, of the order of −2.0 to −2.5 cmÁs −1 Áyear −1 , for the period 1979-2019. Southwest monsoon has contributed the highest weakening trends (−3.0 to −4.0 cmÁs −1 Áyear −1 ) due to significant decrease in the southwesterly/westerly wind speeds. The wind climate and trends during the northeast monsoon and premonsoon seasons have been characterized largely by the prevalence of sea breeze and shamal-makran wind systems. We find that the intensity of both sea breeze and shamal-makran wind systems reduces from north to south along the Kerala coast, which is in consistent with the earlier studies. Decadal oscillations in wind speeds, driven by the decadal variability in large-scale atmosphere-ocean circulations, are evident.Recent changes in the frequency of occurrence of Indian Ocean Dipole in the Indian Ocean have determined the overturning trends since 2010, and resulted in increasing trends in the current decade along the central and northern coasts of Kerala. Furthermore, interannual variability in wind speeds has been linked to the El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatology and variability of wind speeds along the southwest coast of India derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds

Abdulla

Aboobacker

Shanas

et al. 2022

Intl Journal of Climatology

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“…The wind power rose diagrams indicate that the wind power in the shelf seas is directionally distributed (Figure 9). Winds in the AS are influenced by the Somali jet (which is also known as monsoon low-level-jet or Findlater jet [23]), Shamal winds from the eastern Arabian Peninsula [26], Makran winds from the southern coast of Pakistan [27], and the northeast monsoon winds [28]. Since these wind systems are predominant in the AS, the directional distribution of wind power for most of the locations in the AS are in wide directional sectors (Figure 9).…”

Section: Directional Distribution Of Wind Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

et al. 2020

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Wind power variations at two heights (the surface level and turbine hub level) were investigated at 20 locations in the shelf seas of India using hourly fifth generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate (ERA5) data covering the last 40 years (1979 to 2018). The interannual and seasonal variability in wind power was studied. The wind power density, the exceedance probability of power density and the exploitable wind resources were examined. In the Indian shelf seas, the annual mean wind power density at 10 m above mean sea level varies from 82 to 353 W/m2. Wind power density at 110.8 m is 20% to 40% higher than at 10 m above mean sea level. The study shows that the shelf seas have an abundance of wind power, with wind speeds over 3 m/s during 90% of the time at locations 1 to 3, 12 and 13, with a high occurrence of exploitable wind energy above 0.7 × 103 kWh/m2. Among the locations studied, the most power-rich area was location 12, where during ~62% of the time power was greater than 200 W/m2. A significant change (~10–35%) in inter-annual wind power density was detected at a few locations, and these variations were associated with Indian summer monsoon and El Niño–Southern Oscillation events. Trend analysis suggests a decreasing trend in the annual mean wind power density for most of the locations in the Indian shelf seas over the last 40 years. Wind power has considerable directional distribution, and at different locations the annual wind power from the dominant direction is 10% to 79% of the total available power from all directions.

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“…Swells and windseas are determined using wave age criterion on the basis of different components of wind direction and absolute speed. This method has proven to be highly accurate and were added into the WW3 model to identified different waves (Zheng et al, 2016;Tao et al, 2017;Anoop et al, 2020).…”

Section: The Spectra Energy Partition Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal distributions of air-sea CO2 flux modulated by windseas in the Southern Indian Ocean

Sun

Zheng

et al. 2023

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The Southern Indian Ocean is a major reservoir for rapid carbon exchange with the atmosphere, plays a key role in the world’s carbon cycle. To understand the importance of anthropogenic CO2 uptake in the Southern Indian Ocean, a variety of methods have been used to quantify the magnitude of the CO2 flux between air and sea. The basic approach is based on the bulk formula—the air-sea CO2 flux is commonly calculated by the difference in the CO2 partial pressure between the ocean and the atmosphere, the gas transfer velocity, the surface wind speed, and the CO2 solubility in seawater. However, relying solely on wind speed to measure the gas transfer velocity at the sea surface increases the uncertainty of CO2 flux estimation. Recent studies have shown that the generation and breaking of ocean waves also significantly affect the gas transfer process at the air-sea interface. In this study, we highlight the impact of windseas on the process of air-sea CO2 exchange and address its important role in CO2 uptake in the Southern Indian Ocean. We run the WAVEWATCH III model to simulate surface waves in this region over the period from January 1st 2002 to December 31st 2021. Then, we use the spectral partitioning method to isolate windseas and swells from total wave fields. Finally, we calculate the CO2 flux based on the new semiempirical equation for gas transfer velocity considering only windseas. We found that after considering windseas’ impact, the seasonal mean zonal flux (mmol/m2·d) increased approximately 10%-20% compared with that calculated solely on wind speed in all seasons. Evolution of air-sea net carbon flux (PgC) increased around 5.87%-32.12% in the latest 5 years with the most significant seasonal improvement appeared in summer. Long-term trend analysis also indicated that the CO2 absorption capacity of the whole Southern Indian Ocean gradually increased during the past 20 years. These findings extend the understanding of the roles of the Southern Indian Ocean in the global carbon cycle and are useful for making management policies associated with marine environmental protection and global climatic change mitigation.

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On the generation and propagation of Makran swells in the Arabian Sea

Cited by 30 publications

References 26 publications

Climatology and variability of wind speeds along the southwest coast of India derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds

Climatology and variability of wind speeds along the southwest coast of India derived from Climate Forecast System Reanalysis winds

Regional Study of Changes in Wind Power in the Indian Shelf Seas over the Last 40 Years

Spatiotemporal distributions of air-sea CO2 flux modulated by windseas in the Southern Indian Ocean

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