On the formation and fragmentation of nitrate in mixed clusters using atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air

Drenck, Kasper; Hvelplund, P.; Nielsen, Steen Brøndsted; Panja, Subhasis; Støchkel, Kristian

doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2008.03.014

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(23 reference statements)

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“…Above N = 18 cluster masses indicate core ions of CO 3 − . Other core ions like NO 3 − ͑HNO 3 ͒ n have been identified previously, 10 with an appearance that depend on the precise source conditions.…”

Section: Experimental Setup and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 83%

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Sundén

Støchkel

Panja

et al. 2009

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We report on evaporation studies on positively charged water clusters (H(+)(H(2)O)(N)) and negatively charged mixed clusters (X(-)(H(2)O)(N)) with a small core ion X (X=O(2), CO(3), or NO(3)), in the size range N=5-300. The clusters were produced by corona discharge in ambient air, accelerated to 50 keV and mass selected by an electromagnet. The loss of monomers during the subsequent 3.4 m free flight was recorded. The average losses are proportional to the clusters' heat capacities and this allowed the determination of size-dependent heat capacities. The values are found to increase almost linearly with clusters size for both species, with a rate of 6k(B)-8k(B) per added molecule. For clusters with N<21 the heat capacities per molecule are lower but the incremental increase higher. For N>21 the values are intermediate between the bulk liquid and the solid water 0 degrees C values.

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Section: Experimental Setup and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 83%

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Sundén

Støchkel

Panja

et al. 2009

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…The clusters were generated in a corona discharge source operated under ambient conditions and introduced into the mass spectrometer via a capillary and further into the high vacuum via several stages of differential pumping. Inside the vacuum chamber the clusters are free to evaporate and the effective temperature of a given cluster will decrease for each ligand that is lost . For this reason the exact energy content of each member of the cluster population observed in the magnet scan is not known.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and Structure of Protonated Clusters of Ammonia and Water, H⁺(NH₃)_m (H₂O)_n

et al. 2010

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Mass spectrometric experiments show that protonated mixed ammonia/water clusters predominant exist in three forms namely H(+)(NH(3))(4)(H(2)O)(n), H(+)(NH(3))(5)(H(2)O)(n), and H(+)(NH(3))(6)(H(2)O)(n) (n = 1-25). For the first two series the collisional activation mass spectra are dominated by loss of water, whereas ions of the latter series preferably lose ammonia. The quantitative characteristics of these observations are reproduced by quantum chemical calculations that also provide insight into the geometrical structures of the clusters. Although the experiments and the calculations agree that clusters with five ammonia are thermodynamically preferred, this does not indicate a rigid tetrahedral structure with one central ammonium covered with an inner solvation shell of four ammonia molecules, with water outside. Instead, water and ammonia have comparable affinities to the binding sites of the first shell, with a preference for ammonia for the first two sites, and water for the last two. The "leftover" ammonia molecules bind equally strong as water molecules to sites in the second shell due to synergistic hydrogen binding. Finally, it is discussed whether the observation of enhanced stability of the H(+)(NH(3))(5)(H(2)O)(20) in terms of magic numbers and associated geometries may be related to a tetrahedral ammonium core encapsulated in a dodecahedral (H(2)O)(20) structure, typically found in clathrates.

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“…The results by Luts & Parts (2004) were obtained using a corona ionizer, but in the present study by applying the radioactive source. Several researches have demonstrated that the composition of the primary ions and, therefore, the evolution cluster ion mobility distribution depends on the type of the ionization source, even further, the composition depends on the corona parameters (Sekimoto & Takayama, 2007;Drenck et al, 2008). For example, at the corona needle voltage À 1.9 kV mainly water cluster ions OH À (H 2 O) n were observed, at the voltage À 3.5 kV, the hydrated clusters NO 3 À (H 2 O) n were dominant.…”

Section: Spectra In the Case Of An Enhanced Percentage Of Iodine Vapourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composition of negative air ions as a function of ion age and selected trace gases: Mass- and mobility distribution

Luts¹,

Parts²,

Hõrrak³

et al. 2011

Journal of Aerosol Science

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On the formation and fragmentation of nitrate in mixed clusters using atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Stability and Structure of Protonated Clusters of Ammonia and Water, H⁺(NH₃)_m (H₂O)_n

Composition of negative air ions as a function of ion age and selected trace gases: Mass- and mobility distribution

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On the formation and fragmentation of nitrate in mixed clusters using atmospheric pressure corona discharge in air

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Heat capacities of freely evaporating charged water clusters

Stability and Structure of Protonated Clusters of Ammonia and Water, H+(NH3)m (H2O)n

Composition of negative air ions as a function of ion age and selected trace gases: Mass- and mobility distribution

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Stability and Structure of Protonated Clusters of Ammonia and Water, H⁺(NH₃)_m (H₂O)_n