On the epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria: past and present with special reference to the former USSR

Кондрашин, А В; Morozova, Lola F.; Stepanova, E. V.; Turbabina, Natalia A.; Maksimova, Maria S.; Morozov, Evgeny N.

doi:10.1186/s12936-018-2495-y

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The cases presented here are particular in that the severity of the attacks revealed itself not at the primary infection but on relapses. Severe P. vivax episodes have been already reported in endemic areas after 2-3 relapses in the case of strains with long incubation [20]. To our knowledge, such cases have not been reported previously in imported malaria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Izri

Cojean

LeBlanc

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background: With less than one severe case per year in average, P. vivax is very rarely associated with severe imported malaria in France. We report two cases of P. vivax severe malaria in patients with no evident co-morbidity. Interestingly, both cases did not occur at the primary infection but during relapses. Case presentations Patient 1 A 27-year old male, born in Afghanistan and living in France since 2012, was admitted on August 2015 to our hospital because of abdominal pain, intense headache, fever and hypotension. The patient was hemodynamically unstable despite 5 liters of filling solution. A thin blood film showed Plasmodium vivax trophozoites within the red blood cells. To take care of the septic shock, the patient was given rapid fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine (0.5 mg/h), and intravenous artesunate. Nested polymerase chain reactions of the SSUrRNA gene were negative for P. falciparum but positive for P. vivax. The patient became apyretic in less than 24H and the parasitaemia was negative at the same time. Patient 2 A 24-year old male, born in Pakistan and living in France, was admitted on august 2016 to our hospital because of fever, abdominal pain, headache, myalgia, and nausea. The last travel of the patient in a malaria endemic area occurred in 2013. A thin blood film showed Plasmodium vivax trophozoites within the red blood cells. The patient was treated orally by artenimol-piperaquine and recovered rapidly. Nine months later, the patient returned to our hospital with a relapse of P. vivax malaria. The malaria episode was uncomplicated and the patient recovered rapidly. Three months later, the patient came back again to our hospital with a third episode of P. vivax malaria. Following a rapid hemodynamic deterioration, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit of the hospital. In all the patient received 10 liters of filling solution to manage the septic shock. After 5 days of hospitalization and a specific treatment, the patient was discharged in good clinical conditions. Conclusion: Clinicians should be aware of the potential severe complications associated with P. vivax in imported malaria, even though the primary infection is uncomplicated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…They may also exhibit extended incubation period (7-14 months) [16,18,19]. Much longer incubations (> three years) are exceptionally reported for P. vivax in the literature [20]. We inferred that Patient 1 presented at his first visit to our hospital during a relapse because he had not traveled in endemic area since at least three years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Izri

Cojean

LeBlanc

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…They may also exhibit extended incubation period (7-14 months) [18,20,21]. Much longer incubations (> three years) are exceptionally reported for P. vivax in the literature [22]. It was inferred that Patient 1 presented at his first visit to the Avicenne hospital during a relapse because he had not travelled in endemic area since at least three years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Izri

Cojean

LeBlanc

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Background With less than one severe case per year in average, Plasmodium vivax is very rarely associated with severe imported malaria in France. Two cases of P. vivax severe malaria occurred in patients with no evident co-morbidity. Interestingly, both cases did not occur at the primary infection but during relapses. Case presentations Patient 1: A 27-year old male, born in Afghanistan and living in France since 2012, was admitted on August 2015 to the Avicenne hospital because of abdominal pain, intense headache, fever and hypotension. The patient was haemodynamically unstable despite 5litres of filling solution. A thin blood film showed P. vivax trophozoites within the red blood cells. To take care of the septic shock, the patient was given rapid fluid resuscitation, norepinephrine (0.5 mg/h), and intravenous artesunate. Nested polymerase chain reactions of the SSUrRNA gene were negative for Plasmodiumfalciparum but positive for P. vivax. The patient became apyretic in less than 24H and the parasitaemia was negative at the same time. Patient 2: A 24-year old male, born in Pakistan and living in France, was admitted on august 2016 because of fever, abdominal pain, headache, myalgia, and nausea. The last travel of the patient in a malaria endemic area occurred in 2013.A thin blood film showed P. vivax trophozoites within the red blood cells. The patient was treated orally by dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and recovered rapidly. Nine months later, the patient returned to the hospital with a relapse of P. vivax malaria. The malaria episode was uncomplicated and the patient recovered rapidly. Three months later, the patient came back again with a third episode of P. vivax malaria. Following a rapid haemodynamic deterioration, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit of the hospital. In all the patient received 10 litres of filling solution to manage the septic shock. After 5 days of hospitalization and a specific treatment, the patient was discharged in good clinical conditions. Conclusion Clinicians should be aware of the potential severe complications associated with P. vivax in imported malaria, even though the primary infection is uncomplicated.

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“…The number of cases in smaller towns decreased in parallel with increasing distance from Moscow. The only relatively remote site (about 75 km to the north of Moscow) with a significant number (15) of cases was the town of Dmitrov with a few adjacent villages.…”

Section: Spatial Distribution Of Malaria Casesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The greatest challenge was importation from Tajikistan, the country that faced a malaria epidemic in the post-Soviet era. The peak of malaria cases in Tajikistan was officially registered as nearly 30,000 in 1997 [14], although the true number of cases, according to expert estimates, could have exceeded 100,000 per year [15].…”

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confidence: 99%

Re-introduction of vivax malaria in a temperate area (Moscow region, Russia): a geographic investigation

Mironova

Shartova

Beljaev

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: Between 1999 and 2008 Russia experienced a flare-up of transmission of vivax malaria following its massive importation with more than 500 autochthonous cases in European Russia, the Moscow region being the most affected. The outbreak waned soon after a decrease in importation in mid-2000s and strengthening the control measures. Compared with other post-eradication epidemics in Europe this one was unprecedented by its extension and duration. Methods: The aim of this study is to identify geographical determinants of transmission. The degree of favourability of climate for vivax malaria was assessed by measuring the sum of effective temperatures and duration of season of effective infectivity using data from 22 weather stations. For geospatial analysis, the locations of each of 405 autochthonous cases detected in Moscow region have been ascertained. A MaxEnt method was used for modelling the territorial differentiation of Moscow region according to the suitability of infection re-emergence based on the statistically valid relationships between the distribution of autochthonous cases and environmental and climatic factors. Results: In 1999-2004, in the beginning of the outbreak, meteorological conditions were extremely favourable for malaria in 1999, 2001 and 2002, especially within the borders of the city of Moscow and its immediate surroundings. The greatest number of cases occurred at the northwestern periphery of the city and in the adjoining rural areas. A significant role was played by rural construction activities attracting migrant labour, vegetation density and landscape division. A cutoff altitude of 200 m was observed, though the factor of altitude did not play a significant role at lower altitudes. Most likely, the urban heat island additionally amplified malaria re-introduction. Conclusion: The malariogenic potential in relation to vivax malaria was high in Moscow region, albeit heterogeneous. It is in Moscow that the most favourable conditions exist for vivax malaria re-introduction in the case of a renewed importation. This recent event of large-scale re-introduction of vivax malaria in a temperate area can serve as a case study for further research.

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On the epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax malaria: past and present with special reference to the former USSR

Cited by 17 publications

References 49 publications

Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Plasmodium vivax severe imported malaria in two migrants in France

Re-introduction of vivax malaria in a temperate area (Moscow region, Russia): a geographic investigation

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