On the Enigma of Chlorophyll Degradation: The Constitution of a Secoporphinoid Catabolite

Kräutler, Bernhard; Jaun, Bernhard; Matile, Philippe; Bortlik, Karlheinz; Schellenberg, Maya

doi:10.1002/anie.199113151

Cited by 187 publications

(281 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…With the resolution of the first structure of a final Chl catabolite twenty years ago (Kräutler et al 1991) light begun to be shed on the 'biological enigma' of Chl breakdown. Today, the core steps of the PAO pathway have been characterized biochemically and at the molecular level, and respective catabolic intermediates and end products have been identified and structurally characterized from different plant species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pioneering identification and structure determination of the first (final) Chl breakdown product, a NCC from barley, named Hv-NCC-1, in 1991 (Kräutler et al 1991) marked a milestone in the elucidation of Chl breakdown, which until then was described as 'biological enigma' (Hendry et al 1987;Brown et al 1991). To date more than 15 structures of NCCs have been identified from over 10 plant species.…”

Section: Nccs the Final Chlorophyll Breakdown Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

2012

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In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multi-step pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past. Abstract In land plants, chlorophyll is broken down to colorless linear tetrapyrroles in a highly conserved multistep pathway. The pathway is termed the 'PAO pathway', because the opening of the chlorine macrocycle present in chlorophyll catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), the key enzyme of the pathway, provides the characteristic structural basis found in all further downstream chlorophyll breakdown products. To date, most of the biochemical steps of the PAO pathway have been elucidated and genes encoding many of the chlorophyll catabolic enzymes been identified. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biochemistry of the PAO pathway and provides insight into recent progress made in the field that indicates that the pathway is more complex than thought in the past.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nccs the Final Chlorophyll Breakdown Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

2012

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“…fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites) as the result of nonenzymatic isomerization inside the acidic vacuolar sap (Oberhuber et al, 2003;Christ et al, 2013). Since the first identification of an NCC in senescent leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare) in 1991 (Kräutler et al, 1991), phyllobilins were found in senescent leaves from more than 20 different angiosperm species (Kräutler, 2016) but are also formed during fruit ripening Moser et al, 2009). Although the principal linear tetrapyrrole backbone of all phyllobilins is identical, they exhibit rather great structural diversity among the investigated species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Role for TIC55 as a Hydroxylase of Phyllobilins, the Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown during Plant Senescence

et al. 2016

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ORCID IDs: 0000-0002-0044-0490 (M.H.); 0000-0002-7598-3609 (S.A.) Chlorophyll degradation is the most obvious hallmark of leaf senescence. Phyllobilins, linear tetrapyrroles that are derived from opening of the chlorin macrocycle by the Rieske-type oxygenase PHEOPHORBIDE a OXYGENASE (PAO), are the end products of chlorophyll degradation. Phyllobilins carry defined modifications at several peripheral positions within the tetrapyrrole backbone. While most of these modifications are species-specific, hydroxylation at the C3 2 position is commonly found in all species analyzed to date. We demonstrate that this hydroxylation occurs in senescent chloroplasts of Arabidopsis thaliana. Using bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) chromoplasts, we establish that phyllobilin hydroxylation is catalyzed by a membrane-bound, molecular oxygen-dependent, and ferredoxin-dependent activity. As these features resemble the requirements of PAO, we considered membrane-bound Rieske-type oxygenases as potential candidates. Analysis of mutants of the two Arabidopsis Rieske-type oxygenases (besides PAO) uncovered that phyllobilin hydroxylation depends on TRANSLOCON AT THE INNER CHLOROPLAST ENVELOPE55 (TIC55). Our work demonstrates a catalytic activity for TIC55, which in the past has been considered as a redox sensor of protein import into plastids. Given the wide evolutionary distribution of both PAO and TIC55, we consider that chlorophyll degradation likely coevolved with land plants.

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“…FCCs with a free propionic acid group are indicated to be imported into the vacuole and to isomerize rapidly to nonfluorescent Chl-catabolites (NCCs), such as Hv-NCC-1. Hv-NCC-1 is a tetrapyrrolic catabolite in barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare) [6] and is derived from pFCC [4].…”

Section: Extraction and Isolation Of Chl-catabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel blue fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite accumulates in senescent leaves of the peace lily and indicates a split path of chlorophyll breakdown

Kräutler¹,

Banala²,

Moser³

et al. 2010

FEBS Letters

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a b s t r a c tColorless, non-fluorescent Chl-catabolites (NCCs) are the typical, ubiquitous products of chlorophyll (Chl)-breakdown in senescent leaves. However, a fluorescent Chl-catabolite (FCC) accumulated in de-greened leaves of Spathiphyllum wallisii (Peace Lily), which showed a weak blue luminescence. The FCC, named Sw-FCC-62, was 'hypermodified' with an unprecedented 6-(2-[3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl]-ethyl)-b-glucopyranosidyl ester at the propionyl group. Such esters stabilize FCCs against their typical and rapid, spontaneous isomerization to NCCs. Chl-breakdown in Sp. wallisii thus branches off from the 'common' path in leaves, and furnishes unique and 'persistent' FCCs. Our findings on 'hypermodified' FCCs also call for attention as to possible physiological roles of Chl-catabolites in plants.

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On the Enigma of Chlorophyll Degradation: The Constitution of a Secoporphinoid Catabolite

Cited by 187 publications

References 32 publications

Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

Update on the biochemistry of chlorophyll breakdown

A Role for TIC55 as a Hydroxylase of Phyllobilins, the Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown during Plant Senescence

A novel blue fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite accumulates in senescent leaves of the peace lily and indicates a split path of chlorophyll breakdown

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