“…In recent years, FBG optical sensors have offered advantages over other sensing methods such as not requiring a direct line of sight, high streaming rate (up to 1 KHz), and minimal effects on compliance and compactness. FBG sensors have been used for shape, force, and torsion sensing in applications with CMs, biopsy needles, catheters, and other flexible medical instruments [7,8,9,12,13,14,19]. To this end, we implement our proposed method on a CM previously developed for MIS applications, equipped with FBG sensors for shape estimation [15,16,17].…”