On the economics of project-induced displacement: A critique of the externality principle in resource development projects

Geophilosophical realness of risk: a case study in national housing authority resettlement sites in Albay, Philippines

“…5 can worsen the coping mechanism of the displaced or resettled people [ 1 – 2 , 9 ]. The author agrees with Uy et al (2011) that vulnerable communities in Albay faced increasing threats to livelihood and safety and understanding the land conditions is indispensable in planning and formulation of appropriate local adaptation strategies and actions at local level [ 3 – 4 , 7 ]. The author agrees also with Owen et al (2020) and Aven and Flage (2018) that risk hotspot information incorporates the risk knowledge into a transparent framework to incorporate the cost of extrinsic effects of risk to keep stability and to sustain the resettlement projects [ 1 – 3 , 8 – 9 ].…”

“…The author agrees with Uy et al (2011) that vulnerable communities in Albay faced increasing threats to livelihood and safety and understanding the land conditions is indispensable in planning and formulation of appropriate local adaptation strategies and actions at local level [ 3 – 4 , 7 ]. The author agrees also with Owen et al (2020) and Aven and Flage (2018) that risk hotspot information incorporates the risk knowledge into a transparent framework to incorporate the cost of extrinsic effects of risk to keep stability and to sustain the resettlement projects [ 1 – 3 , 8 – 9 ]. The risk reality phenomenon in this work originated from the metatheorem on the vertex of resiliency where it rests at the Sine 18° angle of the isosceles triangle where the opposite segment denoting the stability has a length of one unit of risk based which originated from golden ratio and metatheorems of this study advances risk assessment [ 1 ].…”

“…The author agrees with Bosher and Chmutina (2017) that the consequence impacted built environment is correlated with instability that can create intrinsic vulnerabilities and active exposure of residents [ 1 , 10 ]. She also agrees with (Owen et al 2020) these consequences could lead to destruction of housing projects that can displace the residents or alteration of the host environment which influences the market (economy) [ 1 , 3 ]. The State of Preparedness stance is where the stage where preparedness measurement begins and stops when a calamity or disaster event starts [ 1 ].…”

“…In the words of Owen et al [ 3 ] the population displacement caused by resource development projects is a difficult phenomenon to deny responsibility. Their study disclosed the essential relationship between the industrial projects (land development) and the host (geographical location) environment which influences the market economics.…”

“…According to them, when developers fail to account for, or “own” the costs of undertaking resettlement work, a large unmeasured portion of this cost is often transferred into the external (extrinsic landscape condition) environment. Their concept model explained the linkages between resettlement financing, project lifecycles, and the paucity of outcomes experienced by displaced populations [ 3 ].…”