On the Differences in Precipitation Type Between the Arctic, Antarctica and Tibetan Plateau

Abstract

Under the effect of global warming, more precipitation will shift to rainfall in cryospheric regions. Considering the influence of the precipitation type on surface energy and mass cycles, it is important to determine the specific precipitation features and to classify the precipitation type in key areas correctly. We analyzed the monthly distribution, variations in each precipitation type’s annual days, and trends based on daily precipitation and air temperature observations from six tripolar stations. The results indicated that snow dominated the precipitation type at Zhongshan station (69.4°S, 76.4°E) throughout the year, while the Greatwall station (62.2°S, 59.0°W) exhibited a relatively diverse precipitation type distribution and significant seasonal cycles. Compared to the Greatwall station, every precipitation type was less frequently encountered at the Barrow (71.3°N, 156.8°W), Coral Harbour (64.2°N, 83.4°W), Linzhi (29.6°N, 94.5°E), and Maqu stations (34°N, 102.1°E), in which all the sites demonstrated classical reverse seasonal variation. A consistent trend across the years was found regarding the trends of the different precipitation types, except at the Greatwall and Coral Harbour stations. Due to snow/rain conditions partly converting into sleet conditions, which may be related to air temperature changes and synoptic atmospheric activities, inconsistent increasing trends of the sleet days were observed compared to the snow/rain days. Furthermore, a hyperbolic parameterized model was also fitted to determine the air temperature threshold of precipitation type transitions in this paper. According to the threshold comparison results, a warm bias in the temperature threshold was found at the warm stations. We also proposed that high relative humidity and low freezing levels were the likely reasons for the ERA5 reanalysis datasets. Finally, this paper’s fitted parameterized model was proven to perform better than the ERA5 reanalysis datasets through validation. This preliminary research provides observational evidence and possible interpretation of the mechanism of precipitation type changes in tripolar areas.

Early Cretaceous Thrust and Nappe Tectonics in North Qilian Shan, Northern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from Field Mapping, Geochronology, and Deep Structural Analysis

“…Far-field response in the North Qilian Shan could be incipient in the Miocene, with cooling ages of ~20-10 Ma (George et al, 2001;Yu et al, 2019;Li et al, 2019a), andWu et al (2022a) suggest that this stage deformation represents a reactivation rather than initiation events. Compressional deformation caused the gently folding of the Miocene strata and active thrusting (e.g., Dagengzi fault, Xiaogengzi fault) in the junction of the North Qilian Shan and Hexi Corridor (Wang et al, 2023), which is consistent with the proposal of the crustal thickening across the northern plateau may have occurred prior to the Miocene (Wu et al, 2022a). A series of rightslipping faults, such as the West Yumu Shan fault (Fig.…”

Influence of atmospheric rivers and associated weather systems on precipitation in the Arctic

“…2). Because atmospheric models are known to produce very light precipitation, often thresholds of up to 0.1 mm h −1 are considered (Boisvert et al, 2018;Yang et al, 2021). The fact that the residual is roughly reduced by 30% during ACLOUD, and 16% during AFLUX by applying a threshold of 0.1 mm h −1 , highlights the importance of light precipitation for the Arctic.…”

Cold‐Season Surface Energy Balance on East Rongbuk Glacier, Northern Slope of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest)

“…G represents the subsurface heat and is estimated using the vertical temperature distribution in the near‐surface snow layers based on the SOMARS model (Greuell & Konzelmann, 1994), with a skin layer formulation where penetration of shortwave radiation is neglected (van den Broeke et al., 2011). QP represents the heat flux supplied by liquid precipitation since rainfall can add energy to the glacier surface (D. Yang et al., 2021). However, given the low air temperature observed by the AWS (see Section 4.1), rainfall was impossible at our observational site.…”