On the Development of a Damage Detection System using Macro-fibre Composite Sensors

Pullin, Rhys; Eaton, Mark Jonathan; Pearson, M. R.; Featherston, Carol Ann; Lees, Jonathan; Naylon, Jack A.; Kural, Aleksander; Simpson, Dakotah; Holford, Karen Margaret

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/382/1/012049

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…There are two types of fundamental Lamb wave modes (the S0 and A0) that can be generated at low frequencies. 8 The average displacement of the S0 (symmetric mode) and A0 (anti-symmetric mode) over the thickness of plate exists in the longitudinal (in the direction of wave propagation) and transverse (out-of-plane) directions, respectively. 13 Therefore, in-plane Y displace- Figures 5c, 5d indicate the performance to generate and receive the S0 mode.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Embedded MFCs are widely used in aerospace for generating ultrasound waves, harvesting energy, and also for the detection of defects due to impact. 8 The aerodynamic performance of flexible wings and the overall efficiency of the structure can be effec-tively improved by the ability of MFCs to control the aerodynamic shaping of the airfoils and the twisting motion of the wings. [9][10] The fiber volume fraction of MFC is 0.824, which is more than AFC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of the 3D displacement characteristics for a macro-fiber composite transducer (MFC-P1)

Tiwari¹,

Raišutis²

2018

Mater. Tehnol.

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The accurate three-dimensional (3D) displacement profile of a contact-type ultrasonic transducer ensures that the transducer is free of defects during its manufacturing or installation. It also ensures the applicability of the transducer in structural health monitoring (SHM) and non-destructive testing (NDT). Since its invention in 1996 by NASA, the macro-fiber composite (MFC) transducer was positively accepted by researchers due to its lightweight, flexibility, durability and reliability. As it can be embedded quite easily on the structure under inspection, there are different ways to which it can be used for the detection of defects in the composite materials using guided Lamb waves. The objective of the presented work was to investigate the operational performance of an unloaded macro fiber composite (MFC) transducer of P1-type by estimating its 3D displacement components. The 3D spatial displacements of vibrating MFC were investigated using a Polytec 3D scanning laser vibrometer (PSV-500-3D-HV) in order to determine the directions/planes along which the ultrasonic guide waves would be generated most effectively. The behaviour of the MFC transducer of P1 type based on the displacement characteristics confirmed that it works in d33 (elongation) mode, as specified in the manufacturer's specifications. Keywords: macro fiber composite, ultrasonic NDT, spatial displacements, Lamb waves, 3D-scanning laser vibrometer Natan~en tridimenzionalni profil (3D) premikov kontaknega ultrazvo~nega pretvornika omogo~a, da je le-ta brez napak med izdelavo ali namestitvijo. To namre~zagotavlja uporabnost pretvornika za strukturno zdravstveno opazovanje (angl. SHM) in neporu{no testiranje materialov (angl. NDT). NASA je leta 1996 izumila ultrazvo~ni kompozitni pretvornik na osnovi makrovlaken (MFC; angl.: Macro-Fiber Composite). Raziskovalci so potem pretvornik kmalu pozitivno sprejeli zaradi njegove majhne mase, prilagodljivosti, trajnosti in zanesljivosti. Obstajajo razli~ni na~ini njegove uporabe za odkrivanje napak v kompozitnih materialih z uporabo kontroliranih Lambovih valov, ker ga je zelo lahko namestiti na preiskovano strukturo. Predmet raziskave predstavljene v tem~lanku, so lastnosti obratovanja neobremenjenega MFC-pretvornika tipa P1 z oceno njegovih 3D-premikov. Prostorske premike vibrirajo~ega MFC so avtorji preiskovali s 3D-laserskim skenirnim vibrometrom Polytec (PSV-500-3D-HV) in s tem dolo~ili smeri in ravnine, vzdol`katerih so vodeni ultrazvo~ni valovi najbolj u~inkovito generirani. Potrdili so, da le-ta deluje v na~inu d33 (raztezek) in da so karakteristike obna{anja MFC pretvornika tipa P1 v skladu s proizvajal~evo specifikacijo. Klju~ne besede: kompozit iz makrovlaken, ultrazvo~na neporu{na preiskava (NDT), prostorski premiki, Lambovi valovi, 3D-laserski skenirni vibrometer

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of the 3D displacement characteristics for a macro-fiber composite transducer (MFC-P1)

Tiwari¹,

Raišutis²

2018

Mater. Tehnol.

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“…There was a quantifiable difference in the Lamb wave interaction when compared with the results for the healthy panel. This demonstrates that by using a statistical measure of the difference of the received Lamb wave such as the cross-correlation technique [42] it would be possible to use an acousto-ultrasonic system to routinely inspect the condition of bonded stiffeners. By combining this technique with a statistical measure of the received energy, such as calculating the RMS value as demonstrated in this study, the location and characterisation of the damage could also be potentially assessed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lamb Wave Interaction with Adhesively Bonded Stiffeners and Disbonds Using 3D Vibrometry

et al. 2016

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There are many advantages to adhesively bonding stiffeners onto aircraft structures rather than using traditional mechanical fastening methods. However there is a lack of confidence of the structural integrity of adhesively bonded joints over time. Acousto-ultrasonic Lamb waves have shown great potential in structural health monitoring applications in both metallic and composite structures. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the use of acousto-ultrasonic Lamb waves for the monitoring of adhesively bonded joints in metallic structures using 3D scanning laser vibrometry. Two stiffened panels were manufactured, one with an intentional disbonded region. Lamb wave interaction with the healthy and disbonded stiffeners was investigated at three excitation frequencies. A windowed root-mean-squared technique was applied to quantify where Lamb wave energy was reflected, attenuated and transmitted across the structure enabling the size and shape of the defect to be visualised which was verified by traditional ultrasonic inspection techniques.

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“…There have been many studies conducted using acousto-ultrasonic Lamb waves to detect the presence of damage on a structure. Pullin et al successfully used acousto-ultrasonic Lamb waves to detect the presence of impact damage on a scale carbon fibre wing structure 39 . Measurements of Lamb waves were taken pre and post impact using macro-fibre composite (MFC) transducers.…”

Section: Lamb Wavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Calculating the cross-correlation coefficient of two waveforms has previously been used in acoustoultrasonic studies as method of quantitatively comparing two waveforms 39 The increased area of lower correlation demonstrates that higher frequency Lamb waves are more sensitive to interaction with damage due to their smaller wavelength. At the higher frequencies there is also a reduction in correlation in front of the impact damage.…”

Section: Out-of-plane Cross-correlationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Damage detection in a composite wind turbine blade using 3D scanning laser vibrometry

Marks

Gillam

Clarke

et al. 2016

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C:

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As worldwide wind energy generation capacity grows, there is an increasing demand to ensure structural integrity of the turbine blades to maintain efficient and safe energy generation. Currently, traditional non-destructive testing methods and visual inspections are employed which require the turbine to be out-of-operation during the inspection periods, resulting in costly and lengthy downtime. This study experimentally investigates the potential for using Lamb waves to monitor the structural integrity of a composite wind turbine blade that has been subject to an impact representative of damage which occurs in service. 3D scanning laser vibrometry was used to measure Lamb waves excited at three different frequencies both prior to, and after, impact to identify settings for an optimal system. Signal processing techniques were applied to the datasets to successfully locate the damage and highlight regions on the structure where the Lamb wave was significantly influenced by the presence of the impact damage. Damage size resulting from the impact was found to correlate well with the laser vibrometry results. The study concluded that acousto-ultrasonic-based structural health monitoring systems have great potential for monitoring the structural integrity of wind turbine blades.

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On the Development of a Damage Detection System using Macro-fibre Composite Sensors

Cited by 8 publications

References 5 publications

Investigation of the 3D displacement characteristics for a macro-fiber composite transducer (MFC-P1)

Investigation of the 3D displacement characteristics for a macro-fiber composite transducer (MFC-P1)

Lamb Wave Interaction with Adhesively Bonded Stiffeners and Disbonds Using 3D Vibrometry

Damage detection in a composite wind turbine blade using 3D scanning laser vibrometry

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