On the determinants of persistent gambling behaviour. I. High‐frequency poker machine players

Dickerson, Mark; Hinchy, John; England, Stephanie Legg; Fabre, John W.; Cunningham, Ross B.

doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1992.tb02438.x

Cited by 63 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Data (on-screen events and button presses) were recorded using a small video camera located next to machines. Dickerson et al's (1992) results were replicated with play-rates decreasing after large wins with players tending to stop for a short period and admire their winnings, rather than any ongoing reduction of play-rates. It was also evident that almost every minute of play contained at least one small reward (e.g., two to five credits).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

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Electronic Gaming Machine Characteristics: It’s the Little Things That Count

Landon

Preez

Page

et al. 2016

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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A range of gamblers, from low-frequency social gamblers through to problem gamblers in treatment, participated in focus groups discussing the characteristics of Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs) that they found attractive. Analyses of the resulting transcripts resulted in two groups of EGM characteristics being identified as important, one group associated with winning and one with betting. Overall, free spin features were identified in all groups as the most attractive characteristic of EGMS. Beyond that it was smaller win-related characteristics, and low-denomination machines with multiple playable lines that were associated with increased duration and intensity of gambling behaviour. The important characteristics were consistent across different levels of gamblers, with the key behavioural difference being a self-reported 'expertise', and 'strategic' approach to gambling amongst higher-frequency gamblers and problem gamblers in treatment. The key characteristics all occur frequently and result in more wins and extended gambling sessions. The patterns identified resonated with established behavioural principles, and with models describing the development of problem gambling and addictions more generally.Keywords: gambling, problem gambling, electronic gaming machines, game characteristics, qualitative Electronic gaming machine characteristics: It's the little things that countThe core characteristic underlying Electronic Gaming Machines (EGMs) is a variation on a simple schedule of reinforcement, a variable-or random-ratio schedule (Skinner, 1953;Ferster & Skinner, 1957). In their simplest form, variable-ratio schedules specify that a reinforcer (in the case of EGMs, a win or related characteristic) is delivered after an average number of responses (plays). These schedules reliably create a very high and consistent rate of responding. This pattern of behaviour is very robust, and most importantly resistant to extinction (i.e., the behaviour persists for very long periods in the absence of any payout) or other independent variables/interventions. However, the schedules underlying EGMs are more complex than those used in basic research (e.g., Griffiths, 1993). EGMs have programmed variations to the payout magnitude, with large jackpots, much more frequent very-small wins, and characteristics such as freespins. Multiple playable lines add yet another dimension that can affect EGM outcomes and gambler behaviour (e.g., Harrigan, Dixon, & Brown, 2015;Jensen, Dixon, Harrigan, Sheepy, Fugelsang, & Jarick, 2013;Templeton, Dixon, Harrigan, & Fugelsang, 2015). These more sophisticated variants of simple schedules add additional levels of complexity to the behaviour of both EGMs and gamblers, likely meaning very high rates of gambler behaviour that is very resistant to intervention. In the gambling context, this means gamblers are likely to spend more time and money in any given gambling session than they initially intended. Delfabbro and Winefield (1999) used a similar methodology to observe a sample of regular a...

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 67%

“…For example, Dickerson, Hinchy, England, Fabre, and Cunningham (1992) undertook an investigation of 12 high-frequency poker machine players gambling with their own money in venues in the Australian Capital Territory. Response rates and outcomes on 20 cent machines with pull handles were recorded by observers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Gaming Machine Characteristics: It’s the Little Things That Count

Landon

Preez

Page

et al. 2016

Int J Ment Health Addiction

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“…and pathological gambling (e.g., Dickerson et al 1992;Dixon and Schreiber 2002;Delfabbro and Winefield 1999;Weatherly and Brandt 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Reinforcement and Gaming Machine Choice

Haw

2007

J Gambl Stud

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“…En effet, certaines études rapportent une augmentation du rythme cardiaque dans certaines situations de jeu [11,13]. Les joueurs pathologiques de machines à sous semblent excités à certains moments du jeu, mais ce ne sont pas de hauts chercheurs de sensations (en tant que trait de personnalité).…”

Section: Scores De Recherche De Sensationsunclassified

“…Concernant les machines à sous, l'ensemble des recherches contredit la prédiction théorique que ce type de jeu est une activité de recherche de sensations [11][12][13]. Cependant, peu d'études ont étudié spécifiquement cette forme de jeu.…”

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