On the damped frequency response of a finite-element model of the cat eardrum

Funnell, W. Robert J.; Decraemer, Willem F.; Khanna, Shyam M.

doi:10.1121/1.394749

Cited by 81 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…ProcedureFrequency responses were calculated following the procedure suggested by Funnell et al (1987), by applying a unit-step sound pressure of 1 Pa on the TM surface and performing transient FE analyses. The direct implicit time-integration scheme of Newmark (1959) was employed.…”

Section: Calculation Of Frequency Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite-Element Modelling of the Response of the Gerbil Middle Ear to Sound

Maftoon

Funnell

Daniel

et al. 2015

JARO

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We present a finite-element model of the gerbil middle ear that, using a set of baseline parameters based primarily on a priori estimates from the literature, generates responses that are comparable with responses we measured in vivo using multi-point vibrometry and with those measured by other groups. We investigated the similarity of numerous features (umbo, pars-flaccida and pars-tensa displacement magnitudes, the resonance frequency and break-up frequency, etc.) in the experimental responses with corresponding ones in the model responses, as opposed to simply computing frequency-by-frequency differences between experimental and model responses. The umbo response of the model is within the range of variability seen in the experimental data in terms of the low-frequency (i.e., well below the middle-ear resonance) magnitude and phase, the main resonance frequency and magnitude, and the roll-off slope and irregularities in the response above the resonance frequency, but is somewhat high for frequencies above the resonance frequency. At low frequencies, the ossicular axis of rotation of the model appears to correspond to the anatomical axis but the behaviour is more complex at high frequencies (i.e., above the pars-tensa break-up). The behaviour of the pars tensa in the model is similar to what is observed experimentally in terms of magnitudes, phases, the break-up frequency of the spatial vibration pattern, and the bandwidths of the high-frequency response features. A sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters that have the strongest effects on the model results are the Young's modulus, thickness and density of the pars tensa; the Young's modulus of the stapedial annular ligament; and the Young's modulus and density of the malleus. Displacements of the tympanic membrane and manubrium and the lowfrequency displacement of the stapes did not show large changes when the material properties of the incus, stapes, incudomallear joint, incudostapedial joint, and posterior incudal ligament were changed by ±10 % from their values in the baseline parameter set.

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Section: Calculation Of Frequency Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Finite-Element Modelling of the Response of the Gerbil Middle Ear to Sound

Maftoon

Funnell

Daniel

et al. 2015

JARO

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“…This is the same software as that used in our previous modeling (e.g., Funnell et al 1987), except that we are currently using it under Debian GNU/Linux, with either Intel x 86 or HP Alpha hardware. The mesh output by GiD was converted to the format required by SAP IV via a small locally developed program.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The finite-element model includes shell representations of the eardrum and ossicles, and springs representing the middle-ear ligaments and cochlear load. The model of the eardrum is essentially the same as in previous models (Funnell et al 1987(Funnell et al , 1992, the pars tensa is assigned a Young's modulus of 20 MPa, a Poisson's ratio of 0.3, and an overall thickness of 40 mm. The footplate annular ligament and the cochlear load together are represented by 40 out-of-plane springs, each having a stiffness of 11 N/m, and 40 inplane springs, each having a stiffness of 9.9 N/m (Ladak 1993, Ladak and Funnell 1994.…”

Section: Overall Middle-ear Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Coupling Between the Incus and the Stapes in the Cat

Funnell

Siah

McKee

et al. 2005

JARO

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The connection between the long process and the lenticular process of the incus is extremely fine, so much so that some authors have treated the lenticular process as a separate bone. We review descriptions of the lenticular process that have appeared in the literature, and present some new histological observations. We discuss the dimensions and composition of the lenticular process and of the incudostapedial joint, and present estimates of the material properties for the bone, cartilage, and ligament of which they are composed. We present a preliminary finiteelement model which includes the lenticular plate, the bony pedicle connecting the lenticular plate to the long process, the head of the stapes, and the incudostapedial joint. The model has a much simplified geometry. We present simulation results for ranges of values for the material properties. We then present simulation results for this model when it is incorporated into an overall model of the middle ear of the cat. For the geometries and material properties used here, the bony pedicle is found to contribute significant flexibility to the coupling between the incus and the stapes.

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“…Sound-induced TM vibration has been measured at the umbo using laser Doppler vibrometry (LDV) (Goode 1994;Whittemore et al 2004;Gan et al 2004a;2006b;Dai et al 2007Dai et al , 2008Rosowski et al 2003Rosowski et al , 2008 and analyzed using finite element (FE) models of the ear (Funnell et al 1987;Puria and Allen 1998;Koike et al 2002;Sun et al 2002;Gan et al 2004bWang et al 2007;Zhang and Gan 2011). However, single-point measurements cannot provide information about complex TM surface motion and the properties of sound wave propagation across the TM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Modeling Study of Human Tympanic Membrane Motion in the Presence of Middle Ear Liquid

Zhang

Guan

Nakmali

et al. 2014

JARO

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Vibration of the tympanic membrane (TM) has been measured at the umbo using laser Doppler vibrometry and analyzed with finite element (FE) models of the human ear. Recently, full-field TM surface motion has been reported using scanning laser Doppler vibrometry, holographic interferometry, and optical coherence tomography. Technologies for imaging human TM motion have the potential to lead to using a dedicated clinical diagnosis tool for identification of middle ear diseases. However, the effect of middle ear fluid (liquid) on TM surface motion is still not clear. In this study, a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer was used to measure the full-field surface motion of the TM from four human temporal bones. TM displacements were measured under normal and diseasemimicking conditions with different middle ear liquid levels over frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 8 kHz. An FE model of the human ear, including the ear canal, middle ear, and spiral cochlea was used to simulate the motion of the TM in normal and diseasemimicking conditions. The results from both experiments and FE model show that a simple deflection shape with one or two major displacement peak regions of the TM in normal ear was observed at low frequencies (1 kHz and below) while complicated ring-like pattern of the deflection shapes appeared at higher frequencies (4 kHz and above). The liquid in middle ear mainly affected TM deflection shapes at the frequencies higher than 1 kHz.

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On the damped frequency response of a finite-element model of the cat eardrum

Cited by 81 publications

References 15 publications

Finite-Element Modelling of the Response of the Gerbil Middle Ear to Sound

Finite-Element Modelling of the Response of the Gerbil Middle Ear to Sound

On the Coupling Between the Incus and the Stapes in the Cat

Experimental and Modeling Study of Human Tympanic Membrane Motion in the Presence of Middle Ear Liquid

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