On the Crystallization of Compacted and Chunky Graphite from Liquid Multicomponent Iron-Carbon-Silicon-Based Melts

Stefanescu, Doru M.; Huff, Richard; Alonso, G.; Larrañaga, P.; Fuente, E. de la; Súarez, Ramón

doi:10.1007/s11661-016-3541-4

Cited by 16 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Atomically smooth interfaces (faceted crystals such as graphite or silicon) grow parallel to the interface through layer-growth (lateral growth). Both 2-D nucleation [20,31] and spiral-dislocation [14,12] layer-growth were documented in graphite crystals. Layer-growth also occurs in solid state through crystallization of amorphous carbon diffused from the melt [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1) [8]. Foliated crystals and dendrites, which are assemblies of thin plates separated by solvent impurity layers, first described by Saratovkin [9], and then advocated by Roviglione and Hermida [10] and by the authors of this paper [11,12] for graphite, were also observed in an Al-Ti alloy, where the faceted Al 3 Ti phase developed into "tiled-roof" structure [13]. Metamorphic graphite is natural graphite formed through transformation by heat, pressure, or other natural actions.…”

Section: Analogous Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM analysis of deep-etched interrupted solidification samples revealed that the basic building blocks of the graphite aggregates are hexagonal faceted graphite platelets with nanometer height in the c-direction and micrometer width in the a-direction [11,12]. Thickening of the platelets occurs through growth of additional graphene layers nucleated at the ledges of the platelets (Fig.…”

Section: Graphite Produced Through Liquid-solid Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The interrupted solidification experimental technique (see ref. [11,12] for details) was used to produce graphite aggregates grown predominantly in the liquid, avoiding morphological changes caused by solid diffusion growth. Cast iron melts of industrial purity (3.3-3.8% C, 1.9-2.1% Si, 0.02-0.044% Mg) were produced.…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SEM images of graphite growing in Ni-3% C melts: a) curved-circumferential and lamellar growth; b) columnar growth[20] Thickening of graphite platelets in compacted graphite iron: a) growth front of new graphene layers[11]; b) spiral growth[12] …”

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confidence: 99%

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Reassessment of Crystal Growth Theory of Graphite in Cast Iron

Stefanescu

Alonso

Larrañaga

et al. 2018

MSF

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The problem of graphite crystallization and growth in cast iron has recently received increased attention. As most of the published literature describe analysis of room temperature graphite, there is a legitimate concern that the crystallization of graphite is concealed by recrystallization and growth in solid state occurring after solidification. To avoid confusion in the interpretation of room temperature graphite morphology, the authors used Field Emission Gun SEM on deep-etched interrupted solidification (quenched) specimens to reveal the morphology of graphite at the very beginning of solidification, when the graphite is in contact with the liquid. Information from related phenomena, such as crystallization of hexagonal structure snowflakes and metamorphic graphite, as well as of diamond cubic structure silicon crystals in aluminum alloys is incorporated in the analysis. Research discussing graphite produced through gas-solid and solid-solid transformations is also examined. Because the faceted growth of graphite is the result of diffusion-limited crystal growth in the presence of anisotropic surface energy and anisotropic attachment kinetics, a variety of solidification morphologies are found. The basic building blocks of the graphite aggregates are hexagonal faceted graphite platelets generated through the growth of graphene layers. As solidification advances, the platelets thicken through layer growth, and then aggregate through mechanisms that may include foliated/tiled-roof crystals and dendrites, curved-circumferential, cone-helix, helical, and columnar or conical sectors growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Analogous Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Graphite Produced Through Liquid-solid Transformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reassessment of Crystal Growth Theory of Graphite in Cast Iron

Stefanescu

Alonso

Larrañaga

et al. 2018

MSF

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Catalytic Graphitization of Biocarbon for Lithium‐Ion Anodes: A Minireview

Lower,

Dey,

Vook

et al. 2023

ChemSusChem

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The demand for electrochemical energy storage is increasing rapidly due to a combination of decreasing costs in renewable electricity, governmental policies promoting electrification, and a desire by the public to decrease CO2 emissions. Lithium‐ion batteries are the leading form of electrochemical energy storage for electric vehicles and the electrical grid. Lithium‐ion cell anodes are mostly made of graphite, which is derived from geographically constrained, non‐renewable resources using energy‐intensive and highly polluting processes. Thus, there is a desire to innovate technologies that utilize abundant, affordable, and renewable carbonaceous materials for the sustainable production of graphite anodes under relatively mild process conditions. This review highlights novel attempts to realize the aforementioned benefits through innovative technologies that convert biocarbon resources, including lignocellulose, into high quality graphite for use in lithium‐ion anodes.

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