“…For example, they contribute to the formation of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) (e.g., Hines, 1960;Huang et al, 1994;Kirchengast et al, 1995;Vadas and Liu, 2009). In addition, it has been shown that there exists correlation between TIDs and sporadic E layers (Tsunoda, 2006), and the variations of sporadic E layers are influenced by both tides (e.g., Arras et al, 2009) and GWs (e.g., Woodman et al, 1991). Theoretical studies showing the importance of GWs in the T/I are presented by Vadas and Fritts (2005), Vadas and Fritts (2006), Vadas (2007), Fritts and Vadas (2008) and Yigit et al (2008).…”