On the Convergence Behavior of the Affine Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filters

Paul, Thomas; Ogunfunmi, Tokunbo

doi:10.1109/tcsi.2011.2106091

Cited by 65 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…There are many adaptive algorithms, e.g. the LMS, the normalized LMS, the recursive LMS algorithms [10] and the affine projection algorithm [11]. The selection of an adaptive algorithm is based on a tradeoff between computational complexity and convergence speed.…”

Section: B Fir Adaptive Filter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Performance and Energy-Efficient FIR Adaptive Filter Using Approximate Distributed Arithmetic Circuits

Jiang

Liu

Jonker

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I

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In this paper, a fixed-point finite impulse response adaptive filter is proposed using approximate distributed arithmetic (DA) circuits. In this design, the radix-8 Booth algorithm is used to reduce the number of partial products in the DA architecture, although no multiplication is explicitly performed. In addition, the partial products are approximately generated by truncating the input data with an error compensation. To further reduce hardware costs, an approximate Wallace tree is considered for the accumulation of partial products. As a result, the delay, area, and power consumption of the proposed design are significantly reduced. The application of system identification using a 48-tap bandpass filter and a 103tap high-pass filter shows that the approximate design achieves a similar accuracy as its accurate counterpart. Compared with the state-of-the-art adaptive filter using bit-level pruning in the adder tree (referred to as the delayed least mean square (DLMS) design), it has a lower steady-state mean squared error and a smaller normalized misalignment. Synthesis results show that the proposed design attains on average a 55% reduction in energy per operation (EPO) and a 3.2× throughput per area compared with an accurate design. Moreover, the proposed design achieves 45%-61% lower EPO compared with the DLMS design. A saccadic system using the proposed approximate adaptive filterbased cerebellar model achieves a similar retinal slip as using an accurate filter. These results are promising for the large-scale integration of approximate circuits into high-performance and energy-efficient systems for error-resilient applications.

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Section: B Fir Adaptive Filter Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

A High-Performance and Energy-Efficient FIR Adaptive Filter Using Approximate Distributed Arithmetic Circuits

Jiang

Liu

Jonker

et al. 2019

IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I

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“…These algorithms are the NLMS, the RLS and the APA. The comparison with the AP is thought to give a fair judgment with recently devised adaptive algorithms [9,10]. The target signal used in this work is a Malay utterance "Satu", sampled at 16 kHz.…”

Section: Selection Mechanism Of the Proposed Algorithmmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Algorithm for the Reduction of Irregular Noise in Corrupted Speech Signals

Ramli

Noor

Samad

2014

Proceedings of International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications

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One of the main problems associated with the use of two-sensor noise cancellation systems is the nature of the noise signals. This problem imposes the use of high complexity algorithms to reduce the noise in useful signals. This can be impractical for many real time applications, where computational power is a critical issue. Most of existing literature approaches is based on a single and usually complex adaptation algorithm to do the job. In this paper, a new mechanism is devised to eliminate background noise from speech communications. The procedure is based on a two-sensor adaptive noise canceller that is capable of assigning a suitable algorithm according to properties of the noise. The criterion used here is based on calculating the eigenvalue spread of the autocorrelation of the input noise. The new smart noise canceller (SNC) applies a suitable adaptive algorithm according to the eigenvalue characteristics of the input signal. This approach showed its capability in executing noise cancellation under different types of environmental noise. Fast convergence rates, improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and substantial reduction in computational power are obtained using this SNC technique. Experiments are conducted using real life signals to demonstrate the success of the method.

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“…In addition, while the convergence of FXAPA is generally believed to be superior to filtered-x-normalized-least mean squares (FXNLMS) algorithm, the exact behavior is still under research. 24 The broadband noise reduction obtained using FXAPA is apparently insensitive to changes in the suspension stiffness of the secondary loudspeaker because the effective stiffness of a 100-mm-deep cavity is 19 790 Nm À1 , which is more than 5 times of the suspension stiffness K. As a result, the total effective stiffness (K t ) is insensitive to K. If the value of K t is halved compared with the base system, the noise reduction achievable under FXAPA is improved by 5.4 dB. Although a reduced K t can lead to extra noise reduction, practical concerns have to be considered.…”

Section: Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of secondary loudspeaker properties on broadband feedforward active duct noise control

Chan

Huang

Lam

2013

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Dependence of the performance of feedforward active duct noise control on secondary loudspeaker parameters is investigated. Noise reduction performance can be improved if the force factor of the secondary loudspeaker is higher. For example, broadband noise reduction improvement up to 1.6 dB is predicted by increasing the force factor by 50%. In addition, a secondary loudspeaker with a larger force factor was found to have quicker convergence in the adaptive algorithm in experiment. In simulations, noise reduction is improved in using an adaptive algorithm by using a secondary loudspeaker with a heavier moving mass. It is predicted that an extra broadband noise reduction of more than 7 dB can be gained using an adaptive filter if the force factor, moving mass and coil inductance of a commercially available loudspeaker are doubled. Methods to increase the force factor beyond those of commercially available loudspeakers are proposed.

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On the Convergence Behavior of the Affine Projection Algorithm for Adaptive Filters

Cited by 65 publications

References 15 publications

A High-Performance and Energy-Efficient FIR Adaptive Filter Using Approximate Distributed Arithmetic Circuits

A High-Performance and Energy-Efficient FIR Adaptive Filter Using Approximate Distributed Arithmetic Circuits

A Novel Algorithm for the Reduction of Irregular Noise in Corrupted Speech Signals

Effects of secondary loudspeaker properties on broadband feedforward active duct noise control

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