On the confounding effects of phosphor persistence in oscilloscopic displays

Groner, Rudolf; Groner, Marina; Müller, P; Bischof, Walter F.; Lollo, Vincent Di

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(93)90074-7

Cited by 45 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…When it was presented by itself, the prime appeared to be a simultaneously flashed outline circle, and no observer that was tested could consciously discriminate its rotation direction. Since the P15 phosphor we used has virtually no visible persistence (Groner, Groner, Müller, Bischof, & diLollo, 1993), this perceived simultaneity must be attributed to neural persistence. This persistence could have occurred at least in part at a level as early as the retina, although postretinal loci of persistence are also possible (Coltheart, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming by motion too rapid to be consciously seen

Mattler

Fendrich

2007

Perception & Psychophysics

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One approach to understanding consciousness is to examine the brain's ability to process stimuli that do not reach awareness. In the visual domain, several studies have demonstrated that stimuli that observers do not consciously perceive can nevertheless serve as primes that alter the processing of subsequent visual stimuli (see, e.g., Eimer & Schlaghecken, 1998;Fehrer & Raab, 1962;Klotz & Neumann, 1999;Lleras & Enns, 2004;Marcel, 1983;Mattler, 2003Mattler, , 2005Mattler, , 2006Milliken, Joordens, Merikle, & Seiffert, 1998;Neumann & Klotz, 1994;Schmidt, 2000Schmidt, , 2002Vorberg, Mattler, Heinecke, Schmidt, & Schwarzbach, 2003, 2004Wolff, 1989). With shape and color stimuli, priming is normally demonstrated by the effect of the primes on the choice response time (RT) to respond to subsequent targets: RTs are often reduced when the prime and target are congruent (associated to the same response) than when they are incongruent (associated with different responses). This is the case even when primes are rendered invisible by backward masking by the subsequent target (Fehrer & Raab, 1962;Klotz & Neumann, 1999;Mattler, 2003;Neumann & Klotz, 1994;Schmidt, 2000Schmidt, , 2002Vorberg et al., 2003Vorberg et al., , 2004Wolff, 1989). Motion priming has been demonstrated with a different type of measure: The direction of a moving prime will bias the perceived direction of a subsequent ambiguous apparent motion target (Anstis & Ramachandran, 1987;Blake, Ahlstrom, & Alais, 1999;Pantle, Gallogly, & Piehler, 2000;Piehler & Pantle, 2001;Pinkus & Pantle, 1997;Ramachandran & Anstis, 1983). We will refer to this biasing effect as disambiguation. Blake et al. (1999) demonstrated motion priming by a stimulus outside awareness by showing that disambiguation priming can occur even when the prime is presented to an eye in which phenomenal vision is suppressed because of binocular rivalry.These studies of priming by invisible stimuli have depended on processes that disrupt conscious awareness to make normally visible stimuli invisible. To understand the mechanisms of unconscious priming in such studies, one must know the level at which the disrupting process operates. For both masking (Breitmeyer, 1984;Macknik & Livingstone, 1998;diLollo, Enns, & Rensink, 2000) and rivalry (Blake, 2001;Blake & Logothetis, 2002;Tong, 2001Tong, , 2003, this level has been disputed. However, several studies have demonstrated the processing of phenomenally invisible stimuli in a more direct manner. Research has shown that grating stimuli with spatial frequencies that are too high to be consciously represented can nevertheless generate tilt aftereffects (He & MacLeod, 2001;Rajimehr, 2005) and produce distinguishable patterns of V1 activity (Haynes & Rees, 2005). Research has also shown that in macaque monkeys, V1 cells respond to heterochromatic flicker at rates faster than the monkeys can discriminate (Gur & Snodderly, 1997). In accord with this observation, Vul and MacLeod (2006)-using human subjects-found the color aftereffect that was described by McColl...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming by motion too rapid to be consciously seen

Mattler

Fendrich

2007

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…In our tests, an on-time of approximately 100 msec, with an offset-onset interval of 100 msec, worked best with a P4 phosphor. Phosphors with slower decay rates (e.g., P31) may require a greater offset-onset interval, although the use of slower phosphors may incur other problems (see, e.g., Groner, Groner, Muller, Bischof, & Di Lollo, 1993). The fixation point continued to pulse until the subjects fixated centrally for 1,000 msec.…”

Section: Fixation Displaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing the benefits of eye-tracking devices in divided visual field studies of cerebral asymmetry

Patching

Jordan

1998

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers

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“…After this experience, a general tendency to call into question experimental results acquired by use of phosphor screens for stimulus presentation arose. Recently, the discussion on phosphor persistence was revived by studies of Groner et al (1993), Westheimer (1993), Di Lollo et al (1994), and Irwin (1994. While Groner et al (1993) claimed that P31 phosphor persistence lasts several hundred milliseconds under specific experimental conditions, Westheimer stated that residual luminance decays within 2 ms to less than 2%; this is below the visual threshold and, therefore, not visible when superimposed on a dim background illumination by ambient light.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the discussion on phosphor persistence was revived by studies of Groner et al (1993), Westheimer (1993), Di Lollo et al (1994), and Irwin (1994. While Groner et al (1993) claimed that P31 phosphor persistence lasts several hundred milliseconds under specific experimental conditions, Westheimer stated that residual luminance decays within 2 ms to less than 2%; this is below the visual threshold and, therefore, not visible when superimposed on a dim background illumination by ambient light. Disagreement also exists about the relevance of physical luminance measurements: whereas Westheimer (1993Westheimer ( , 1994 concluded from his luminance data that the light residue cannot be detected because it is subthreshold according to commonly known sensi-, tivity curves for human observers, Di Lollo et al (1994) and Irwin (1994) opposed that the physical readings cannot substitute a specific psychophysical visibility test of the persistence (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, this issue provoked a controversial discussion in Vision Research (Groner et al, 1993;Westheimer, 1993Westheimer, , 1994Irwin, 1994;Di Lollo et al, 1994) which was concerned with persistence effects of P31 screens for dot patterns. Supplementing this discussion, the present work deals with the effects of different types of patterns (dot pattern vs. gratings) and background mean-luminance levels (scotopic vs. phototopic) on phosphor persistence.…”

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P31 phosphor persistence at photopic mean luminance level

Wolf¹,

Deubel²

1997

Spatial Vis

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Abstract-P31 phosphor screens are frequently used for short-term presentation of dot and grating patterns, but experimental data obtained with this technique have been criticized because of possible parasitic effects of phosphor persistence on subjects' visual performance. Recently, this issue provoked a controversial discussion in Vision Research (Groner et al., 1993;Westheimer, 1993Westheimer, , 1994Irwin, 1994;Di Lollo et al., 1994) which was concerned with persistence effects of P31 screens for dot patterns. Supplementing this discussion, the present work deals with the effects of different types of patterns (dot pattern vs. gratings) and background mean-luminance levels (scotopic vs. phototopic) on phosphor persistence. Physical measurements of P31 persistence occurring with grating patterns of a mean luminance of 20 cd m-2 (i.e. photopic range) were obtained by using an extremely linear photometer with high temporal resolution. Under this photopic condition, the measurements demonstrate a fast decay of residual grating contrast to 1.4% of its original value within 50 ms after pattern offset. This phosphor behavior must be considered when designing an experiment with a P31 screen though it certainly embodies no problems in many applications.

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On the confounding effects of phosphor persistence in oscilloscopic displays

Cited by 45 publications

References 17 publications

Priming by motion too rapid to be consciously seen

Priming by motion too rapid to be consciously seen

Increasing the benefits of eye-tracking devices in divided visual field studies of cerebral asymmetry

P31 phosphor persistence at photopic mean luminance level

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