“…Many attempts have therefore been made by the government to reduce oil consumption such as raising the fuel price through subsidy removal, promoting public transportation, prohibiting oil consumption for official vehicles, and using gas fuel for public transportation. The subsidy removal has not been fully implemented since it has created social protests (Pradiptyo, 2012). Also, the effect that can be achieved by subsidy removal alone is not significant due to a growing population, changing lifestyles, and limited access to public transportation.…”